1
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY(IT)
BASIC PARTS OF A COMPUTER: 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER: 3
SIMPLE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 4
COMPUTER:
INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES: 5
INPUT DEVICES: Examples of Output Devices
Keyboard Monitor.
Mouse Printer.
Joy Stick Headphones.
Scanner Computer Speakers.
Projector.
Video Card.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU): 6
• The central processing unit (CPU) of a computer is a piece of
hardware that carries out the instructions of a computer program. It
performs the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output
operations of a computer system. The CPU is like the brains of the
computer - every instruction, no matter how simple, has to go
through the CPU. So let's say you press the letter 'k' on your
keyboard and it appears on the screen - the CPU of your computer is
what makes this possible. The CPU is sometimes also referred to as
the central processor unit, or processor for short. So when you are
looking at the specifications of a computer at your local electronics
store, it typically refers to the CPU as the processor.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CPU: 7
Common CPU components
The central processing unit (CPU) consists
of 5 main components:
• Control unit (CU)
• Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
• Registers
• Buses
• Main Memory
All components work together to allow
processing and system control
Functions of Components of CPU: 8
Control unit: the results of calculations
The CU provides several functions: Buses:
it fetches, decodes and executes instructions A bus is a high-speed internal connection. Buses are
used to send control signals and data between the
it issues control signals that control hardware processor and other components.
it moves data around the system Three types of bus are used:
Arithmetic logic unit: Address bus - carries memory addresses from the
processor to other components such as primary
The ALU has two main functions: memory and input/output devices.
It performs arithmetic and logical operations (decisions). The Data bus - carries the actual data between the
ALU is where calculations are done and where decisions are
made. processor and other components.
It acts as a gateway between Control bus - carries control signals from the
primary memory and secondary storage . Data transferred processor to other components. The control bus
between them passes through the ALU. also carries the clock's pulses.
Registers: MAIN MEMORY:
Registers are small amounts of high-speed memory Main memory is where programs and data are kept when
contained within the CPU. They are used by the processor the processor is actively using them. When programs and
to store small amounts of data that are needed during data become active, they are copied from secondary
processing, such as: memory into main memory where the processor can
interact with them.
the address of the next instruction to be executed
It is also called as RAM(Explained Later)
the current instruction being decoded
RAM VS ROM: 9
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RAM AND ROM: 10
TYPES OF RAM AND ROM: 11
DRAM VS SRAM: 12
STUDY TYPES OF ROM FROM NOTES:
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS: 13
STORAGE OF A COMPUTER:
14
Storage:
Data storage is the basic
functionality of a computer which
is divided into primary and
secondary storage.
Primary storage refers to the main
storage of the computer or main memory
which is the random access memory or
RAM.
Secondary storage, on the other
hand, refers to the external storage
devices used to store data on a long-term
basis
How data is stored on Hard Disk: 15
Video on Google drive.
16
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ITS USES:
WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer sciences that
emphasizes the development of intelligence machines, thinking and
working like humans. For example, speech recognition, problem-
solving, learning and planning.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is wide-ranging branch of computer
science concerned with building smart machines capable of
performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. AI is an
interdisciplinary science with multiple approaches, but
advancements in machine learning and deep learning are creating
a paradigm shift in virtually every sector of the tech industry.
COMMON EXAMPLES OF AI IN DAILY 17
LIFE:
1. SIRI: Siri is one of the most popular personal assistant offered by Apple in iPhone and iPad.
The friendly female voice-activated assistant interacts with the user on a daily routine. She
assists us to find information, get directions, send messages, make voice calls, open
applications and add events to the calendar
2. TESLA: Not only smartphones but automobiles are also shifting towards Artificial Intelligence.
The car has not only been able to achieve many accolades but also features like self-
driving, predictive capabilities, and absolute technological innovation.
3. NETFLIX: Netflix needs no introduction – it is a widely popular content-on-demand service
that uses predictive technology to offer recommendations on the basis of consumers’
reaction, interests, choices, and behavior. The technology examines from a number of
records to recommend movies based on your previous liking and reactions.
4. FLYING DRONES: The flying drones are already shipping products to customers home –
though on a test mode. They indicate a powerful machine learning system that can
translate the environment into a 3D model through sensors and video cameras.
5. ALL ROBOTS AND MORE……..
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF AI: 18
ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
1) Reduction in Human Error 1) High Costs of Creation
2) Takes risks instead of Humans 2) Making Humans Lazy
3) Available 24x7 3) Unemployment
4) Helping in Repetitive Jobs 4) No Emotions
5) Digital Assistance 5) Lacking Out of Box Thinking
6) Faster Decisions
7) Daily Applications
COMPUTER NETWORK: 19
https://www.fieldengineer.com/blogs/what-is-a-computer-network
Computer networks are the basis of communication in IT. They are used in a huge variety of
ways and can include many different types of network. A computer network is a set of
computers that are connected together so that they can share information. The earliest
examples of computer networks are from the 1960s, but they have come a long way in the
half-century since then.
OSI MODEL: 20
https://www.cloudflare.com/en-gb/learning/ddos/glossary/open-systems-interconnection-
model-osi/
OPTICAL FIBER: 21
22
First video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZOg39v73c4&ab_channel=LearnEngineering
Then 2 articles:
https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/fiber-optics-optical-fiber
https://byjus.com/physics/what-is-optical-fiber/
Global Positioning System (GPS): 23
https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/seaspace/docs/navigation/navgps/navgps-
1.html
https://www.geotab.com/blog/what-is-gps/
https://universalteacher.com/1/short-note-on-gps/
GPS (Global Positioning System) is a satellite-based navigation system which was created by U.S.
Department of Defence as a part of NAVSTAR satellite program. It gives geolocation and time
information to a GPS receiver in all climate conditions, anywhere on or close to the Earth where
there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.
GPS has three segments:
1. Space segment
2. Control segment
3. User segment
Applications of GPS: 24
1. Google Maps
2. Aviation
3. Military
4. Tracking of any type
5. Telecommunications
6. Surveying etc………
MOBILE PHONES AND 25
TELECOMMUNICATION:
Definition - What does Mobile Phone mean?
A mobile phone is a wireless handheld device that allows users to make and receive calls. While
the earliest generation of mobile phones could only make and receive calls, today’s mobile
phones do a lot more, accommodating web browsers, games, cameras, video players and
navigational systems.
Also, while mobile phones used to be mainly known as “cell phones” or cellular phones, today’s
mobile phones are more commonly called “smartphones” because of all of the extra voice and
data services that they offer
SOME BASIC TERMS:
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) OR 2G: Only call and Messages
Evolution to 2.5G: Internet included, Speed in some Kbps
3G(3rd Generation): Internet speed in Mbps (0.5- 2mbps)
4G(4th Generation): Internet speed in Mbps (2 - 10mbps)
5G(5th Generation): Internet speed in Gbps
26
How does a Cell Phone Work?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JZG9x_VOwA&ab_channel=L
earnEngineering
It will also cover telecommunication topic
Important Topics: 27
Satellites:
(Introduction/Definition, Parts of Satellite, Uses of Satellite, Working of Satellites, Types of
Satellies)
LINK:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ror4P1UAv_g&ab_channel=LearnEngineering
Sonar:
(Intro, Types- Active vs Passive, Applications)
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/sonar.html
Radar:
(intro,Components, uses, working, Applications)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar
