1.
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class Dj {
int n, cost[10][10], d[10], p[10], v[10];
public:
void readMatrix();
void shortestPath(int src);
void display(int src);
};
void Dj::readMatrix() {
cout << "Enter the number of vertices: ";
cin >> n;
cout << "Enter the cost adjacency matrix:\n";
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j)
cin >> cost[i][j];
}
void Dj::shortestPath(int src) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
d[i] = cost[src][i];
p[i] = src;
v[i] = 0;
}
v[src] = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < n - 1; ++i) {
int min = 99, u;
for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j)
if (!v[j] && d[j] < min)
min = d[j], u = j;
v[u] = 1;
for (int s = 0; s < n; ++s)
if (!v[s] && d[u] + cost[u][s] < d[s])
d[s] = d[u] + cost[u][s], p[s] = u;
}
}
void Dj::display(int src) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
if (i == src) continue;
cout << "The shortest path from " << src << " to " << i << " is: ";
for (int k = i; k != src; k = p[k])
cout << k << " <- ";
cout << src << "\nand the distance is " << d[i] << endl;
}
}
int main() {
Dj dij;
dij.readMatrix();
int source;
cout << "Enter the source: ";
cin >> source;
dij.shortestPath(source);
dij.display(source);
return 0;
}
2.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
char data[100], concatdata[117], src_crc[17], dest_crc[17], frame[120], divident[18];
const char divisor[18] = "10001000000100001";
const char res[17] = "0000000000000000";
void crc_cal(int node) {
int i, j;
for (j = 17; j <= strlen(node == 0 ? concatdata : frame); j++) {
if (divident[0] == '1') {
for (i = 1; i <= 16; i++)
divident[i - 1] = divident[i] == divisor[i] ? '0' : '1';
} else {
for (i = 1; i <= 16; i++)
divident[i - 1] = divident[i];
}
divident[i - 1] = node == 0 ? concatdata[j] : frame[j];
}
divident[i - 1] = '\0';
if (node == 0) strcpy(src_crc, divident);
else strcpy(dest_crc, divident);
}
int main() {
printf("\n\t\t\tAT SOURCE NODE\n\nEnter the data to be sent: ");
gets(data);
strcpy(concatdata, data);
strcat(concatdata, "0000000000000000");
strncpy(divident, concatdata, 17);
divident[17] = '\0';
crc_cal(0);
printf("\nData: %s\nFrame transmitted: %s%s\n", data, data, src_crc);
printf("\n\t\tSOURCE NODE TRANSMITTED THE FRAME ---->");
printf("\n\n\n\n\t\t\tAT DESTINATION NODE\nEnter the received frame: ");
gets(frame);
strncpy(divident, frame, 17);
divident[17] = '\0';
crc_cal(1);
if (strcmp(dest_crc, res) == 0)
printf("\nReceived frame is error-free.\n");
else
printf("\nReceived frame has one or more errors.\n");
return 0;
}
3.
#include <stdio.h>
struct rtable {
int dist[20], nextnode[20];
} table[20];
int cost[10][10], n;
void distvector() {
int i, j, k, count;
do {
count = 0;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
for (k = 0; k < n; k++) {
int new_dist = cost[i][k] + table[k].dist[j];
if (table[i].dist[j] > new_dist) {
table[i].dist[j] = new_dist;
table[i].nextnode[j] = k;
count++;
}
}
}
}
} while (count);
}
int main() {
printf("Enter the number of vertices: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter the cost matrix:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
scanf("%d", &cost[i][j]);
table[i].dist[j] = cost[i][j];
table[i].nextnode[j] = j;
}
}
distvector();
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
printf("\nState value for router %c\nDestnode\tNextnode\tDistance\n", i + 65);
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
if (table[i].dist[j] == 99) {
printf("%c\t\t-\t\tInfinite\n", j + 65);
} else {
printf("%c\t\t%c\t\t%d\n", j + 65, table[i].nextnode[j] + 65, table[i].dist[j]);
}
}
}
return 0;
}
4.
SERVER:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
void error(const char *msg) {
perror(msg);
exit(1);
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int sockfd, newsockfd, portno, clilen;
char buffer[256], c[2000];
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr, cli_addr;
FILE *fd;
if (argc < 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "ERROR, no port provided\n");
exit(1);
}
sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (sockfd < 0) error("ERROR opening socket");
bzero((char *) &serv_addr, sizeof(serv_addr));
portno = atoi(argv[1]);
serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(portno);
if (bind(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *) &serv_addr, sizeof(serv_addr)) < 0)
error("ERROR on binding");
listen(sockfd, 5);
clilen = sizeof(cli_addr);
printf("SERVER: Waiting for client...\n");
newsockfd = accept(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *) &cli_addr, &clilen);
if (newsockfd < 0) error("ERROR on accept");
bzero(buffer, 256);
if (read(newsockfd, buffer, 255) < 0)
error("ERROR reading from socket");
printf("SERVER: %s\n", buffer);
if ((fd = fopen(buffer, "r")) != NULL) {
fread(c, sizeof(char), 2000, fd);
fclose(fd);
printf("SERVER: %s found! Transferring contents...\n", buffer);
if (write(newsockfd, c, strlen(c)) < 0)
error("ERROR writing to socket");
} else {
printf("SERVER: File not found!\n");
if (write(newsockfd, "File not found!", 15) < 0)
error("ERROR writing to socket");
}
close(newsockfd);
close(sockfd);
return 0;
}
CLIENT:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netdb.h>
void error(const char *msg) {
perror(msg);
exit(0);
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int sockfd, portno;
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr;
struct hostent *server;
char filepath[256], buf[3000];
if (argc < 3) {
fprintf(stderr, "usage %s hostname port\n", argv[0]);
exit(0);
}
portno = atoi(argv[2]);
sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (sockfd < 0) error("ERROR opening socket");
server = gethostbyname(argv[1]);
if (server == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "ERROR, no such host\n");
exit(0);
}
bzero((char *) &serv_addr, sizeof(serv_addr));
serv_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
bcopy((char *)server->h_addr, (char *)&serv_addr.sin_addr.s_addr, server->h_length);
serv_addr.sin_port = htons(portno);
if (connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *) &serv_addr, sizeof(serv_addr)) < 0)
error("ERROR connecting");
printf("Client: Enter path with filename: ");
scanf("%s", filepath);
if (write(sockfd, filepath, strlen(filepath)) < 0)
error("ERROR writing to socket");
bzero(buf, 3000);
if (read(sockfd, buf, 2999) < 0)
error("ERROR reading from socket");
printf("Client: Displaying from socket:\n%s\n", buf);
close(sockfd);
return 0;
}
5.
#include <stdio.h>
int h[12];
void genhamcode() {
h[1] = (h[3] + h[5] + h[7] + h[9] + h[11]) % 2;
h[2] = (h[3] + h[6] + h[7] + h[10] + h[11]) % 2;
h[4] = (h[5] + h[6] + h[7]) % 2;
h[8] = (h[9] + h[10] + h[11]) % 2;
printf("\nTransmitted codeword: ");
for (int i = 1; i < 12; i++) printf(" %d", h[i]);
printf("\n");
}
void makeerror() {
int pos;
printf("\nEnter the position to make error: ");
scanf("%d", &pos);
h[pos] ^= 1; // Flip the bit
printf("\nError codeword: ");
for (int i = 1; i < 12; i++) printf(" %d", h[i]);
printf("\n");
}
void correcterror() {
int errpos = (h[1] + h[3] + h[5] + h[7] + h[9] + h[11]) % 2 +
((h[2] + h[3] + h[6] + h[7] + h[10] + h[11]) % 2) * 2 +
((h[4] + h[5] + h[6] + h[7]) % 2) * 4 +
((h[8] + h[9] + h[10] + h[11]) % 2) * 8;
printf("\nError detected at position %d", errpos);
if (errpos) h[errpos] ^= 1; // Correct the error
printf("\nCorrected codeword: ");
for (int i = 1; i < 12; i++) printf(" %d", h[i]);
printf("\n");
}
int main() {
printf("\nEnter the message bits: ");
for (int i = 1; i < 12; i++)
if (i == 3 || i == 5 || i == 6 || i == 7 || i == 9 || i == 10 || i == 11)
scanf("%d", &h[i]);
printf("Message: ");
for (int i = 1; i < 12; i++) printf("%d", h[i]);
printf("\n");
genhamcode();
int ch;
printf("\nDo you want to make an error? (0 or 1): ");
scanf("%d", &ch);
if (ch) {
makeerror();
correcterror();
} else {
printf("\nNo error.\n");
}
return 0;
}
6.
SENDER:
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main() {
int sock, connected;
char fr[30];
struct sockaddr_in server_addr, client_addr;
socklen_t sin_size;
sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (sock == -1) {
perror("Socket creation failed");
exit(1);
}
int opt = 1;
setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &opt, sizeof(opt));
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
server_addr.sin_port = htons(17000);
server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
if (bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr)) == -1) {
perror("Bind failed");
close(sock);
exit(1);
}
listen(sock, 5);
sin_size = sizeof(client_addr);
connected = accept(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&client_addr, &sin_size);
if (connected == -1) {
perror("Accept failed");
close(sock);
exit(1);
}
int i = 1;
while (1) {
printf("Enter Data Frame %d (Enter 'exit' to end): ", i);
scanf("%s", fr);
send(connected, fr, strlen(fr), 0);
if (strcmp(fr, "exit") == 0) break;
recv(sock, fr, sizeof(fr), 0);
printf("Acknowledgment: %s\n", fr);
i++;
}
close(sock);
return 0;
}
RECEIVER:
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main() {
int sock;
char receive[30];
struct hostent *host;
struct sockaddr_in server_addr;
host = gethostbyname("127.0.0.1");
sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (sock == -1) {
perror("Socket creation failed");
exit(1);
}
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
server_addr.sin_port = htons(17000);
server_addr.sin_addr = *((struct in_addr *)host->h_addr);
memset(&(server_addr.sin_zero), 0, 8);
if (connect(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr)) == -1) {
perror("Connect failed");
close(sock);
exit(1);
}
int i = 1;
while (1) {
int bytes_received = recv(sock, receive, sizeof(receive) - 1, 0);
receive[bytes_received] = '\0';
if (strcmp(receive, "exit") == 0) break;
printf("\nFrame %d data %s received\n", i, receive);
send(sock, (strlen(receive) < 10) ? receive : "negative", (strlen(receive) < 10) ?
strlen(receive) : 8, 0);
i++;
}
close(sock);
return 0;
}
7.
SERVER:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#define FIFO1 "fifo1"
#define FIFO2 "fifo2"
int main() {
char p[100], c[300], ch;
int fd, fd2, f1, num, i = 0;
mkfifo(FIFO1, 0666);
mkfifo(FIFO2, 0666);
printf("SERVER ONLINE\n");
fd = open(FIFO1, O_RDONLY);
printf("Client online\nWaiting for request...\n");
num = read(fd, p, sizeof(p) - 1);
if (num > 0) {
p[num] = '\0';
if ((f1 = open(p, O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
printf("Server: %s not found\n", p);
} else {
printf("Server: %s found, transferring contents...\n", p);
FILE *fp = fdopen(f1, "r");
while ((ch = fgetc(fp)) != EOF)
c[i++] = ch;
c[i] = '\0';
fclose(fp);
fd2 = open(FIFO2, O_WRONLY);
write(fd2, c, strlen(c));
close(fd2);
printf("Server: Transfer completed\n");
}
} else {
perror("Read error");
}
close(fd);
unlink(FIFO1);
unlink(FIFO2);
return 0;
}
RECEIVER:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#define FIFO1 "fifo1"
#define FIFO2 "fifo2"
int main() {
char p[100], c[3000];
int fd, fd2, num;
mkfifo(FIFO1, 0666);
mkfifo(FIFO2, 0666);
printf("Waiting for server...\n");
fd = open(FIFO1, O_WRONLY);
printf("SERVER ONLINE!\nCLIENT: Enter the path\n");
while (fgets(p, sizeof(p), stdin)) {
p[strcspn(p, "\n")] = 0; // Remove newline character
if (write(fd, p, strlen(p)) == -1) {
perror("Write error");
} else {
printf("Waiting for reply...\n");
fd2 = open(FIFO2, O_RDONLY);
if ((num = read(fd2, c, sizeof(c) - 1)) > 0) {
c[num] = '\0';
printf("File received! Displaying the contents:\n%s", c);
close(fd2);
break;
} else {
perror("Transfer error");
}
}
}
close(fd);
unlink(FIFO1);
unlink(FIFO2);
return 0;
}
8.
SERVER:
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
void error(char *msg) {
perror(msg);
exit(0);
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int sock, n;
struct sockaddr_in server, from;
socklen_t fromlen;
char buf[1024];
if (argc < 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "ERROR, no port provided\n");
exit(0);
}
sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if (sock < 0) error("Opening socket");
memset(&server, 0, sizeof(server));
server.sin_family = AF_INET;
server.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
server.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[1]));
if (bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&server, sizeof(server)) < 0)
error("Binding");
fromlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
while (1) {
n = recvfrom(sock, buf, 1024, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&from, &fromlen);
if (n < 0) error("recvfrom");
write(1, "Received a datagram: ", 21);
write(1, buf, n);
sendto(sock, "Got your message\n", 17, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&from, fromlen);
}
return 0;
}
CLIENT:
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
void error(char *msg) {
perror(msg);
exit(0);
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int sock, n;
struct sockaddr_in server;
struct hostent *hp;
char buffer[256];
if (argc != 3) {
printf("Usage: server port\n");
exit(1);
}
sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if (sock < 0) error("socket");
server.sin_family = AF_INET;
hp = gethostbyname(argv[1]);
if (hp == 0) error("Unknown host");
memcpy((char *)&server.sin_addr, hp->h_addr, hp->h_length);
server.sin_port = htons(atoi(argv[2]));
printf("Please enter the message: ");
fgets(buffer, sizeof(buffer), stdin);
n = sendto(sock, buffer, strlen(buffer), 0, (struct sockaddr *)&server, sizeof(server));
if (n < 0) error("Sendto");
n = recvfrom(sock, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0, NULL, NULL);
if (n < 0) error("recvfrom");
write(1, "Got an ack: ", 12);
write(1, buffer, n);
return 0;
}
11.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define min(x,y) ((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y))
#define MAX 25
int main() {
int cap, oprt, cont = 0, inp[MAX], ch, nsec = 0, drop = 0;
printf("LEAKY BUCKET ALGORITHM\n");
printf("Enter the bucket size: ");
scanf("%d", &cap);
printf("Enter the output rate: ");
scanf("%d", &oprt);
while (1) {
printf("Enter the number of packets entering at %d seconds: ", nsec + 1);
scanf("%d", &inp[nsec++]);
printf("Enter 1 to insert packet or 0 to quit: ");
scanf("%d", &ch);
if (!ch) break;
}
printf("\n(SECOND):(PACKET RECEIVED):(PACKET SENT):(PACKET LEFT):(PACKET
DROPPED)\n");
for (int i = 0; i < nsec; i++) {
cont += inp[i];
if (cont > cap) {
drop = cont - cap;
cont = cap;
}
printf("(%d): \t\t(%d): \t\t(%d): \t\t(%d): \t\t(%d)\n", i + 1, inp[i], min(cont, oprt), cont -
min(cont, oprt), drop);
cont -= min(cont, oprt);
}
for (int i = nsec; cont > 0; i++) {
drop = 0;
printf("(%d): \t\t(0): \t\t(%d): \t\t(%d): \t\t(%d)\n", i + 1, min(cont, oprt), cont - min(cont,
oprt), drop);
cont -= min(cont, oprt);
}
return 0;
}
12.
SERVER:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netdb.h>
int main() {
struct sockaddr_in server, client;
int s, n;
char b1[100], b2[100];
struct hostent *hen;
char *IPaddr;
s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if (s < 0) { perror("Socket error"); exit(1); }
server.sin_family = AF_INET;
server.sin_port = htons(5000);
server.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
if (bind(s, (struct sockaddr *)&server, sizeof(server)) < 0) {
perror("Bind error"); exit(1);
}
n = sizeof(client);
printf("DNS is ready...\n");
while (1) {
recvfrom(s, b1, sizeof(b1), 0, (struct sockaddr *)&client, &n);
hen = gethostbyname(b1);
if (hen) {
IPaddr = inet_ntoa(*((struct in_addr *)hen->h_addr));
strcpy(b2, IPaddr);
sendto(s, b2, sizeof(b2), 0, (struct sockaddr *)&client, n);
} else {
strcpy(b2, "Not found");
sendto(s, b2, sizeof(b2), 0, (struct sockaddr *)&client, n);
}
}
return 0;
}
CLIENT:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
int main() {
struct sockaddr_in server;
int s, n;
char b1[100], b2[100];
s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
if (s < 0) { perror("Socket error"); exit(1); }
server.sin_family = AF_INET;
server.sin_port = htons(5000);
server.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr("127.0.0.1");
n = sizeof(server);
while (1) {
printf("Enter domain name: ");
scanf("%s", b2);
sendto(s, b2, strlen(b2) + 1, 0, (struct sockaddr *)&server, n);
recvfrom(s, b1, sizeof(b1), 0, NULL, NULL);
printf("DNS IP address: %s\n", b1);
}
return 0;
}
