NMeTHeMADCAL NoDELLNG, IHRÖUGH DIFrERENCE

DFeEr
kQU ATIONS

SomE Smpt MeDELS

(nbpulalino Gnccth Model
Ihe ppulausn at -tme
that thc no: baths
pacpontu nal h e populatien at lmu t, uw
ylt-2)- xtt-3) a'ao
SO that xt) = axlt-)
hes be compansd wh the oufleunlial

-bai)
guen by altt|)E) àx()
to sele, but
3LC)X(2), (9),

Can t a ainly goad idea t the bebaviour

the medel coith the help oh þoc leet ciletaloy
(n) Dey- þedalr model:
 CONSTANT COLEECICNTS

AINEAREFeRCNCe kQUAToA
An
calld a
falelett)
)
aled a Anear duteuns an, sne it meluks

called a Rinan duhleance ean bnet tt tnttotues

s caund a homognoLs Jnear duhteune ego.

wtth coant cocth
Aneaaly
ai) d) at
náakndunt
 Av A Aia CUK

Agan t an be shouon that h Galt) s the so

sdn
t9 Cent ainung' aub tonsta nts &bal)'u
t)
.any fitiulai solo oh (3) contaunug no.axb
CEns tanb hen Gl4Gl) u the mosl gnaal

Qlod a fpautculau soto.

aiCempÉ mÇNTARy kUNctin

lnait

4,an anae0:

n legee haa n' ioel

guen by
30
 any n' anbaccl comsans

eontans bny Con-) mb Constarts 2as Duch t cannot e

4he m0st
guneial soto.
t+l
We uy ctA Ihen c(k+da

Qoct t+n) A
Cn-)

tga) ALq'(a) - o 3
wtech Ane both glad:oqcAD: o
pealedJoot a Ths case

(ase 3:

tano=Pld 31
 altlasi(xtose túsno)tcolYcoslixsing)

cilocos to+iv'sinte]+ Lrt coste-i into

By applyng Re.toivkei Ihum
allecos ot 1Cyc0s0t) +i(cisinet -Cgsinot)]

-lanpl di cosot atdaSingt ]

Caxw:
the compcx Aects Atisaie
At3: Repeated ktnesh

Que ahicanst

PARTICULAR BOnÜON

aubl ahove et
44ancg Ag
A
an] A
+an

aoB'a,e
(s he tati culai Boín
 het q() =AB
Gy wth t8 hen o be comes
yocta *n a,ctat*n-1
-+ anct P ( a o c n e n
aico)ttn-1 t+

cstLape',a, e tan]+ B[aong ailn-)B

gn)-oalgso

The patcula
Be
Case 35

k
het lt): A Ne tuy the sotr
-dk

aildoltin-1) d, (tn-td)+33
an (dotkdt.. 4d) A AL k
 dotem
gumal to) enable us to
lb1d,d du ond th ho buticular tn wll he
dataaminad.

OBTANLNG CormpLe mENTARY FuNe TIDN By USE Or

apalttD4a,aaLt)

ap

-ltti)Xt

34
att) |92(+)-4

Mnlta)nlap
lou xt4): AXE)- tstes X ) P

Ao (

1
-

-Qn-1 -Qn-2

oOLUTION DE A SySTEM OE LuNEAR HoMOGENEQUS DEFERENCE

CONSTAN T COEEE

Xlt+)= aut(E) + Qi2lalt) +- + QnXnct)

35
bs.as be oritten o the maIX foro
X(t+1) - Axt) uhe
AA Qu apan

X(t+2) = AXlt+) - AA X(E]- A'xE)

when t=o =) xIk) Axo)

DEFER£NCE ESN BY ING

LAPLAce RANSEORM

diyeena ean be
QofE) +aBt-) + +antlt=nl= dlt)0

Ret Ca) be Ihe iatAace franfoen o ftt) so that

-At
LIftE-D]= {tt-) d

Put

-A(y+)
LCAlt-»]. e Juydy
D

fe.eupdy e^)
36
Lflta)]:,f-a)dt
Put yet -a ) ds dt

L[Hu-3)]: e -Aly+2),
gy)dy
-Ay

D
tydey

lalunq kaplaa Janfpro on bot sdas

[oo+a,e-A +aneJA) lA
ao+q,e 20e

invease laplace anorm

aoLUTION 0F NEAR DrFERENCE taN By UsING

X-TRANSFORM
Lat quns be an n
dabnd by n

37
Xlun)=un,3
-O -

shch conegs

un nD

shich Conegs
Corsier Un

Nouo t K>D then

Z(un)
x(unaa)=Un-}
nD

-!k4i)
-(ke)
 -(h+) -(k+2)

-k
n=0

lun-k) lun
-h

n:o

-a

-(K+) -(K+2)

nk

nk m0 mo
K-) -r

mo

m=D

fun't deat X -/3_,t u l be same as the

pacb. genealing qunctun.

etablhd
-K
tun)
K -m
kb, xlunek)= Klun)-m>D un"
 an

Zlun): z-1) xlr-a)a/(-e)

Conadu he enea
4 anxcE) = (E)
aoxlt+n) +Q,zlt+n-)
+1
- t aoUlE) V ( )
ot Qouttn)+ Qu(Hn-) 4
Xhanshoxm on both sides ae
get
Ablgeng zIVLE)J
o(utn)+ a,z(u n-) .Onalue)
fnd lun) & espand t n.
z &fndung he Coetb

NON LNEAR DIFFERENCE EAN

REDuci LINEAR EgN
Consdes the eqn Hner*yn0

at un>log yo
log on boh sids
ogtn
Unt un beomes cot
unea
2.

ConaIca becomes naa

40
yn+n+1
 Put uo yo

Un+ Un: Un+) Un + Uo+)

Un+ Un+|
Un
Un+) Un -Un+)

Un+2 Un t Un+i uhuch bepmes unea

3TAeILTY THcORY tor DFFERENCe EsuATION

gues an
equlbrun bosuto lo fud s
sabiily hgher pows
a

we wulz the oto uh= A & we get the

ls (Ban unly thun Uo as t o.or al

uNial dskoouhodistubancs

boslon tould be Joally ymöticay dtablk.

al the aoots of hauing magnitide
Schur- chiteian that au
ls (han nty eguen by
folo uing dtiamiant should be posiive.
41
 an an-!
A ao o

|an

|ao-1

An an an
an
- -

ao Qi- - a n

a a

Cmplea soo uvth rnognlide zlCKlaliy but duesan

31tg-2;+tbtn
Bctulsn tencs to Kuc as tJ 2 AsymptotCay
stable
3
At+t27tt0.AnsA,-l But lal=)
": nagaline &dopealcd Joct on does not drcay
but onms boudad. Sable ut not aystabla
42
Put

abmorbay

t unstabk
JepoatadAoot & noY boundad.

Ba tan )
A3+
31
 Put xkAa
CE (A+B) t

This %the forn e)ABECha qce)-ga

But

(AteH)+a

d'h:

Coj1) A

helt) Aeh

yo3+) 4 n