AP1 Unit 2: Cell Structure, Function, Growth and

Development
SECTION 1
Cells are the smallest structural units of living things. Because we are living, we are made up of a mass of
cells. Human cells, which vary in shape and size, can only be seen under a microscope. The three main
parts of a cell are the cytoplasmic membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus. As you review this
chapter, you will be amazed at the resemblance of a cell to the body as a whole. You will identify a
miniature circulatory system, reproductive system, digestive system, lymphatic system, skeletal system,
and many other structures that will aid in your understanding of these and other body systems in future
chapters.

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following is NOT a main cellular structure?
a. Plasma membrane
b. Interstitial fluid
c. Cytoplasm (including organelles)
d. Nucleus
2. All of the following are examples of the plasma membrane function EXCEPT
a. Boundary of cell
b. Self-identification
c. Receptor sites
d. “power plants” of cell
3. Which of the following is a functional characteristic of ribosomes?
a. Provision of ATP
b. Protein synthesis
c. DNA replication
d. Binding site for steroid hormones
4. Production of ATP occurs within which organelle?
a. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
b. Golgi apparatus
c. Lysosomes
d. Mitochondria
5. Preparation of protein molecules for cellular exportation is the function of which of the
following organelles?
a. Golgi apparatus
b. Microvilli
c. Peroxisomes
d. Mitochondria
6. In nondividing cells, DNA appears as threads that are referred to as
a. Chromatin
b. Nucleoplasm
c. Nucleolus
d. None of the above
 7. The nucleolus is composed chiefly of
a. DNA
b. rRNA
c. tRNA
d. none of the above

TRUE OR FALSE
8. FALSE The plasma membrane can be described as a triple layer of phospholipid molecules.
9. TRUE The process by which cells translate the signal received by a membrane receptor into a
specific chemical change in the cell is called signal transportation.
10. FALSE Each and every cell always has one nucleus.
11. TRUE Generally, the more active a cell is, the more mitochondria it will contain.
12. FALSE Membranous bags that temporarily contain molecules for transport or later use are
known as peroxisomes.

MATCHING
Use the following terms to answer questions 13-20

a. Nucleolus
b. Lysosome
c. Cytoplasm
d. Plasma membrane
e. Endoplasmic reticulum
f. Ribosome
g. Mitochondria
h. Nucleus

13. A- forms ribosomes

14. D- separates the cell from its environment
15. B- acts as the cell’s “digestive system”
16. F- acts as a “protein factory”
17. C- contains organelles
18. H- contains DNA
19. G- act as “power plants” of the cell
20. E- classified as both smooth and rough

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21. Cytoskeleton is the cell’s internal supporting framework.
22. Microfilaments are the smallest cell fibers.
23. The thickest of the cell fibers are tiny, hollow tubes called microtubules.
 24. The centrosome is an area of the cytoplasm near the nucleus that coordinates the building and
breaking of microtubules in the cell.
25. Microvilli, cilia, and flagella are cell extensions that appear on certain types of cells.
26. When membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes connect to others, the formation is
known as gap junctions.
27. Desmosomes hold skin together.

APPLICATION
28. Brian is a sedentary, overweight cigarette smoker who has chest pain whenever he exerts
himself. Upon examination, his cardiologist determines that Brian is suffering from heart
disease. Which receptors in the cells that line the blood vessels of his heart are responsible?
CD36 What type of cholesterol is responsible? LDL What other diseases may he be at risk for?
Stroke, cancer, muscle dystrophy, and diabetes.
29. After several weeks of exercising in the weight room, Valerie notices that she has not only
become stronger, but quite muscular as well. Which organelle has increased its density in the
cytoplasm of the cells of her muscles in response to a greater demand for ATP production?
Mitochondria

MULTIPLE CHOICE
30. Which of the following cellular extensions are required when absorption is important?
a. Cilia
b. Microvilli
c. Flagella
d. None of the above
31. Movement of the ovum within the female reproductive tract is largely as a result of:
a. The flagella extending from the ovum
b. The cilia extending from the ovum
c. The cilia lining the uterine tubes
d. None of the above
32. Skin cells are held tightly together by:
a. Gap junctions
b. Desmosomes
c. Tight junctions
d. Adhesions
33. Ribosomes are attached to:
a. Lysosomes
b. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
c. Peroxisomes
d. Cilia
34. The phospholipid area of the plasma membrane of a cell is:
a. Single layered
b. Bilayered
 c. Trilayered
d. Multilayered

MATCHING
Use the following terms to answer questions 35-39

a. Release hormones
b. Transport oxygen
c. Destroy bacteria
d. Contract for movement
e. Detect changes in the environment

35. E- nerve cells

36. D- muscle cells
37. B- red blood cells
38. A- gland cells
39. C- immune cells

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40. A typical, or composite cell exhibits the most important characteristics of cell types.
41. Hydrophilic is the term meaning “water-loving”.
42. Signal transduction is the process that allows a message to be carried across a membrane.
43. Peroxisomes detoxify harmful substances that enter cells.
44. The nucleus is one of the largest cell structures and occupies the central portion of the cell.
45. Embedded within the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane are a variety of integral
membrane proteins.

TRUE OR FALSE
46. TRUE Peroxisomes are small membranous sacs containing enzymes that detoxify harmful
substances that enter the cells.
47. FALSE Dynein, myosin, and kinesin are examples of proteasomes.
48. TRUE Microfilaments serve as “cellular muscles.”
49. TRUE All cells contain thousands of ribosomes.

SECTION 2
Cells, just like humans, require water, food, gases, elimination of wastes, and numerous other
substances and processes in order to survive. Cells must transport the substances within the cytoplasm
and across cell membranes. The movement of these substances in and out of the cell is accomplished by
two primary methods: passive transport and active transport. In passive transport, no cellular energy is
required to effect movement through the cell membrane. However, in active transport, cellular energy is
necessary to provide movement through the cell membrane.

Once nutrients enter the cells, a series of chemical reactions is necessary to prepare the
materials to be utilized by the body. The chemical reaction that breaks down larger, more complex
substances into simpler substances and releases energy from the food molecules is known as
catabolism. Energy is essential because it provides the body with the power (ATP) to perform its tasks
and to maintain body temperature.

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose, or a nutrient that has been
converted to glucose or one of its simpler products, into carbon dioxide and water. As the molecule
breaks down, energy is released. Three main pathways are available to the cell to accomplish cellular
respiration. These pathways are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport system. The
anatomy and physiology of the cells allow us to adapt successfully to our environment and maintain
health. By working together harmoniously, the various structures and functions of cells ensure survival.

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following is NOT a passive transport process?
a. Dialysis
b. Osmosis
c. Filtration
d. Pinocytosis
2. Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane in the presence of at least one
impermeant solute is referred to as:
a. Diffusion
b. Osmosis
c. Phagocytosis
d. Dialysis
3. The trapping of bacteria by specialized white blood cells is an example of:
a. Pinocytosis
b. Exocytosis
c. Phagocytosis
d. None of the above
4. A hypertonic solution is one that contains:
a. A greater concentration of solute than the cell
b. The same concentration of solute as the cell
c. A lesser concentration of solute as the cell
d. None of the above
5. The force of a fluid pushing against a surface could be described as:
a. Facilitated diffusion
b. Hydrostatic pressure
c. Hypostatic pressure
d. None of the above

TRUE OR FALSE
6. FALSE Facilitated diffusion is a metabolically expensive process.
 7. TRUE The sodium-potassium pump is an example of an active transport process.
8. TRUE Cellular secretion can be achieved by exocytosis.
9. TRUE Solutes are particles dissolved in a solvent.
10. FALSE Osmosis is a form of filtration that results in the separation of small and large solute
particles.

MATCHING
Use the following terms to answer questions 11-15

a. Isotonic
b. Hypertonic
c. Hypotonic
d. Diffusion
e. Endocytosis

11. B solution that draws water from a cell

12. A two fluids that have the same potential osmotic pressure
13. C solution that causes cells to swell
14. D passive transport
15. E active transport

MULTIPLE CHOICE
16. Enzymes that cause essential chemical reactions to occur are called:
a. Metabolic agents
b. Catalysts
c. Substrates
d. Initiators
17. Molecules that are acted upon by enzymes are known as:
a. Diploid
b. Hypertonic
c. Introns
d. Substrates
18. In naming enzymes, the root name of the substance whose chemical reaction is catalyzed is
followed by the suffix:
a. –ase
b. –cin
c. –ose
d. –ous
19. Most enzymes:
a. Are specific in their action
b. Can alter their function by changing the shape of the molecule
c. Are synthesized as inactive proenzymes
d. All of the above
20. Which of the following activates enzymes by means of an allosteric effect?
 a. End-product
b. Kinases
c. Substrate
d. Pepsin
21. Enzymes are:
a. Fats
b. Proteins
c. Carbohydrates
d. Minerals

TRUE OR FALSE
22. TRUE The three processes that compose cellular respiration are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle,
and the electron transport system.
23. TRUE The portion of an enzyme molecule that chemically “fits” the substrate molecule(s) is
referred to as the active site.
24. FALSE The “lock and key” model is used to describe how DNA base pairs align.
25. TRUE Protein anabolism is a major cellular activity
26. TRUE The citric acid cycle is also known as the Krebs cycle.
27. FALSE Glycolysis is aerobic.

MULTIPLE CHOICE
28. Which of the following statements is NOT true of glycolysis?
a. It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
b. It is also known as the Krebs cycle
c. It is anaerobic
d. Glycolysis splits one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
29. The Krebs cycle takes place in the
a. Ribosome
b. Cytoplasm
c. Mitochondria
d. Golgi apparatus
30. The third step in cellular respiration is
a. The electron transport system
b. Transcription
c. The Krebs cycle
d. Glycolysis

APPLICATION
31. Nurse Bricker was instructed to dissolve a pill in a small amount of liquid medication. As she
dropped the capsule into the liquid, she was interrupted by the telephone. On her return to the
medication cart, she found the medication completely dissolved and apparently scattered
 evenly throughout the liquid. This phenomenon did not surprise her because she was aware
from her knowledge of cell transport that diffusion had created this distribution.
32. Bobbi ran in the Boston marathon. During the race she lost a lot of fluids through perspiration
and became dehydrated. Would you expect her cells to shrink, swell, or remain the same?

MULTIPLE CHOICE
33. The energy required for active transport processes is obtained from:
a. ATP
b. DNA
c. Diffusion
d. Osmosis
34. Movement of substances from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
is:
a. Active transport
b. Passive transport
c. Cellular energy
d. Concentration gradient
35. Osmosis is the ________ of water across a selectively permeable membrane
a. Filtration
b. Equilibrium
c. Active transport
d. Diffusion
36. A molecule or other agent that alters enzyme function by changing its shape is called:
a. An allosteric effector
b. A kinase
c. An anabolic agent
d. A proenzyme
37. Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway that begins with glucose and ends with
a. Oxygen
b. Filtration
c. Pyruvic acid
d. Sodium
38. Which movement always occurs down a hydrostatic pressure gradient?
a. Osmosis
b. Filtration
c. Dialysis
d. Facilitated diffusion
39. The “uphill” movement of a substance through a living cell membrane is:
a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion
c. Active transport
d. Passive transport
40. Membrane pumps are an example of which type of movement?
 a. Gravity
b. Hydrostatic pressure
c. Active transport
d. Passive transport
41. An example of a cell that performs phagocytosis is the
a. White blood cell
b. Red blood cell
c. Muscle cell
d. Bone cell
42. A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than living red blood cells would be:
a. Hypotonic
b. Hypertonic
c. Isotonic
d. Homeostatic
43. A red blood cell becomes engorged with water and will eventually lyse, releasing hemoglobin
into the solution. The solution is __________ to the red blood cell.
a. Hypotonic
b. Hypertonic
c. Isotonic
d. Homeostatic

MATCHING
Use the following terms to answer questions 44-52

a. Molecule able to diffuse across a particular membrane

b. Protein “tunnels”
c. Enzyme
d. Facilitated diffusion
e. “cell drinking”
f. Phagocytosis
g. Type of membrane channel
h. Enzymes that add or remove carbon dioxide
i. Glycolysis
44. B Membrane channels
45. F endocytosis
46. C pepsin
47. H carboxylases
48. E pinocytosis
49. G aquaporins
50. D Carrier-mediated passive transport
51. I first stage of cellular respiration
52. A permeant
SECTION 3
Cell reproduction completes the study of cells. A basic explanation of DNA, the “hereditary molecule,”
gives us a proper respect for the capability of the cell to transmit physical and mental traits from
generation to generation. Cell reproduction is essential for an organism to maintain itself or grow. When
a cell divides, it must be able to replicate the DNA in its genome so that the two daughter cells have the
same genetic information as the parent cell. Reproduction of the cell – mitosis – is a complex process
involving several stages. These stages are outlined and diagrammed in the text to facilitate learning.
Understanding cell growth, replication, and physiology will help you comprehend the physiology of the
body as a whole.

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Protein synthesis:
a. Is required for cell growth
b. Begins with reading of the genetic “master code”
c. Influences all cell structures and functions
d. All of the above
2. In the DNA molecule, a sequence of 3 base pairs forms a
a. Codon
b. Anticodon
c. Polymerase
d. None of the above
3. Transcription can best be described as the:
a. Synthesis of DNA
b. Synthesis of any RNA molecule
c. Reading of any mRNA codons by tRNA
d. Entire set of DNA
4. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Complex polypeptide chains form tRNA
b. The site of transcription is within the nucleus, whereas the site of translation is in the
cytoplasm
c. Uracil is present in DNA in the place of thymine
d. None of the above is true
5. A DNA molecule is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
a. A double-helix shape
b. Obligatory base pairing
c. Ribose sugar
d. Phosphate groups
6. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of RNA?
a. It is single-stranded
b. It contains uracil, not thymine
c. The obligatory base pairs are adenine-uracil and guanine-cytosine
d. Its molecules are larger than those of DNA
7. Nucleic acids are synthesized directly on the DNA molecule with the help of:
a. Enzymes
b. Prophase
 c. Neoplasms
d. Lipids

MATCHING
Use the following terms to answer questions 8-13

a. mRNA
b. ribosome
c. tRNA
d. translation
e. transcription
f. complementary base pair
8. E Process that occurs when the double strands of a DNA segment separate and RNA nucleotides
pair with DNA nucleotides
9. A they type of RNA that carries information in groups of 3 nucleotides called codons, each of
which codes for a specific amino acid
10. C the type of RNA that has an anticodon and bonds to a base pair-specific amino acid
11. D the process involving the movement of mRNA with respect to the ribosome
12. F Uracil-adenine
13. B the site of translation

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14. Mitosis meiosis M phase enzyme
15. Anaphase end phase apart 2 chromosomes
16. Meiosis sex cells telophase oogonia
17. Zygote mitosis diploid 46 chromosomes
18. Metaphase prophase telophase interphase

MULTIPLE CHOICE
19. The correct order of mitosis is:
a. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
b. Anaphase, telophase, metaphase, prophase
c. Prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase
d. None of the above
20. The total of 46 chromosomes per cell is referred to as:
a. Haploid
b. Diploid
c. Myoid
d. None of the above
21. A type of cell division that occurs only in primitive sex cells during the process of becoming
mature sex cells is:
a. Mitosis
b. Meiosis
c. Gamete
d. Differentiation
22. Splitting of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm into two during cell reproduction is called:
 a. Mitosis
b. Meiosis
c. Anaphase
d. Cytokinesis
23. Cell reproduction is sometimes referred to as the
a. A phase
b. R phase
c. M phase
d. X phase

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24. The phase of mitosis known as the completion phase is telophase.
25. The phase of mitosis known as the apart phase is anaphase.
26. The position-changing phase of mitosis is metaphase.
27. When a cell is not experiencing mitosis and is “between phases,” it is said to be in interphase.
28. When a cell begins to divide, it is said to be in the before phase, or prophase.

TRUE OR FALSE
29. TRUE Atrophy refers to a decrease in cell size
30. TRUE Genetic disorders are mutations in a cell’s genetic code
31. TRUE Cell death due to injury or a pathologic condition is known as necrosis
32. FALSE Viruses do not contain DNA or RNA
33. TRUE A blood disease caused by the production of abnormal hemoglobin is known as sickle cell
anemia

APPLICATION
34. Mrs. McWilliam’s home pregnancy test indicated that she was pregnant. She made an
appointment with her doctor to confirm the results. While she was there, she inquired about
ordering genetic testing while she was pregnant. What information might these tests reveal?
Genes are responsible of our healthy attributes or conditions such as sex, hair color, and eyes.
Genetic disorders are pathological conditions caused by mistakes, or mutations, in a cell 's
genetic code. Abnormal genes often cause a specific disease that can be identified just weeks
after conception and can many times be treated prior to delivery.
35. Dan broke his arm playing high school football and had to wear a cast for 6 weeks. When the
doctor removed his cast, he was shocked to see that his arm had shrunk remarkably. His shock
and disappointment were visible to the doctor. What should the doctor tell him about his arm?
When a broken arm is immobilized In a cast for a long period of time, muscles that move the
arm often atrophy. Because the muscles are temporarily out of use, muscle cells decrease in
size. Diane's arm will return to normal as he begins to use his arm more and returns to the level
of exercise that he had prior to the fracture.

MULTIPLE CHOICE
36. The genetic code for a particular protein is passed from DNA to mRNA by a process known as:
a. Transcription
 b. Translation
c. Interphase
d. Genome
37. If a strand of DNA has a base sequence of AGGC, the complementary pair for that strand will be:
a. TCCG
b. CCTG
c. TTCG
d. TUUG
38. The spindle fibers attach to each chromatid during which stage of mitosis
a. Prophase
b. Anaphase
c. Telophase
d. Metaphase
39. Which of the following is NOT true of RNA?
a. It is a single strand
b. It contains uracil rather than thymine
c. The base pairs are uracil – adenine and guanine – cytosine
d. It contains deoxyribose sugar
40. During which stage of mitosis does the cleavage furrow BEGIN to develop
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
41. All of the DNA in each cell of the body is called the:
a. Tissue typing
b. Genome
c. Gene
d. Genetic code
42. If the sequence of bases in a nucleic acid were AUCGA, which of the following statements would
be true?
a. The nucleic acid would contain deoxyribose
b. It is a strand of DNA
c. It is a strand of RNA
d. It will remain in the nucleus of the cell
43. In which stage of mitosis do chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cells along the spindle
fibers?
a. Anaphase
b. Metaphase
c. Prophase
d. Telophase
44. The synthesis of proteins by ribosomes using information coded in the mRNA molecule is called:
a. Translation
b. Transcription
c. Replication
 d. Crenation
45. Translation can be inhibited or prevented by a process called
a. Cytokinesis
b. Cell division
c. RNA interference
d. Meiosis

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46. DNA adenine uracil thymine
47. RNA ribose thymine uracil
48. Translation protein synthesis mRNA interphase
49. Cleavage furrow anaphase prophase 2 daughter cells
50. Metaphase prophase telophase gene

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51. The obligatory base pairing allows only two combinations of bases to occur. This is known as
obligatory base pairing.
52. The complete set of proteins synthesized by a cell is called the proteome of the cell.
53. The shape of a DNA molecule is referred to as a double helix.
54. Meiosis is the type of cell division that occurs only in primitive sex cells during the process of
becoming mature sex cells.
55. Mature sex cells are called gametes.