Research
Is an organized investigation and study of materials and sources to create facts and reach new
inferences.
Research is the process of discovering new knowledge. This knowledge can be either the
development of new concepts or the advancement of existing knowledge and theories, leading
to a new understanding that was not previously known.
Importance of Research
to gather necessary information
to improve standard of living
to have a safer life
to know the truth
to explore our history
Ethical Codes in ethics
-is considered to deal with beliefs about what is right or wrong, proper or improper, good or bad.
-“to be ethical is to conform to accepted professional practice”- Webster’s 1968
According to Resnik, 2007, ethical norms are significant in conducting research studies as explained in
the following:
• First, ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and credibility. It also fosters values that
are essential to collaborative work.
• Second, ethical norms help individuals to be accountable in every act that the researcher/s
undertake.
• Third, ensure that researchers are held accountable to the public.
• Lastly, an ethical norm in research also needs public awareness. This can be evaluated by the
researcher before conducting the study because this may help a certain population in an area
once the study is completed.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH
1. HONESTY – Data should not be faked. Maintain all communications
2. OPENNESS- Share data, results, ideas and tools. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
3. OBJECTIVITY- Avoid biases in experimental designs, data analysis, interpretation, expert testimony,
and other aspects of research.
3. CONFIDENTIALITY- Protect Confidential Communication.
4. Respect Colleagues- Treat all peers fairly.
5. Social Responsibility- Strive to promote social good. Avoid social harm.
6. Respect of Intellectual property- Give proper acknowledgement or credits to all researchers.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. EMPIRICAL- Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.
2. LOGICAL -Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
3. ORIGINAL WORK- it requires its own examination and produces the data needed to complete the
study.
4. ANALYTICAL- Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, experimental, and case study.
5. OBJECTIVE-it is unbiased and logical. All findings are logically based on real-life situations.
6. METHODICAL- Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method
and procedures.
Characteristics of Good Research (Rex Bookstore)
Accuracy. It must give correct or accurate data, which the footnote, notes, and bibliographical entries
should honestly and appropriately documented or acknowledged.
Objectiveness. It must deal with facts, not with mere opinions arising from assumptions,
generalizations, predications, or conclusions.
Timeliness. It must work on a topic that is fresh, new, and interesting to the present society.
Relevance. Its topic must be instrumental in improving society or in solving problems affecting the
lives of people in a community.
Clarity. It must succeed in expressing its central point or discovers by using simple, direct, concise and
correct language.
Systematic. It must take place in an organized or orderly manner.
Research Process
COMMUNICATIONPHASE IDEA-GENERATINGPHASE
PROBLEM-
INTERPRETATION DEFINITIONPHASE
PHASE
PROCEDURES-
DESIGNPHASE
DATA
ANALYSIS
PHASE DATA
COLLECTION
PHASE
1. Idea generating phase- Research begins with an idea in which the researcher has interest.
Once a topic of interest is already identified, the researcher has to start reading articles and books,
converse with people who are knowledgeable in the area and begin thinking about it.
It is in this step where he has to justify why a study on a particular topic is needed.
2. Problem generating phase- As the ideas generated in the first phase are very general and
vague, the researcher has to refine them. This is the problem definition phase.
This particular step involves the following activities: identification and definition of the variables to
be studied; development of the theoretical and conceptual framework of the study; the
formulation of the major and specific problems to be investigated and the formulation of the
hypothesis.
3. Procedures- design phase- it includes the following activities: decision on what research
methodology to employ; selection of research participants; development and validation of data
gathering tools; specification of the procedures to be observed in the actual collection of data and
planning the analysis of data gathered.
4. Data collection phase- it involves data gathering from the subjects of the study. In this phase,
the procedures devised in the previous phase are rigorously implemented.
5. Data Analysis phase- Data previously collected are recorded, coded, and tabulated. These data
are analyzed based on the researcher’s data analysis plan. Through analysis, a researcher can do
the following:
-describe the data clearly
-identify what is typical or atypical among data
-bring to light differences, relationships and other patterns existent in the data
-answer research questions or test hypotheses
6. Interpretation phase- in this phase, the researcher continues to make sense out of the
analyzed data. This goes simultaneously with analysis of data.
Major aspects of data interpretation (Ardales, 1992):
1. the effort to establish continuity in research undertaking, and
2. the establishment of explanatory concepts
7. Communication phase- The researcher has to prepare a written or oral report of the study
conducted, either for publication or presentation to colleagues or a panel of experts.
A research undertaking does not contribute to the fund of knowledge if it is not shared with the
public.
Search: Distinguish Qualitative and Quantitative Research.
