Fundamental of computer system Engineering a) With a neat block diagram describe functions of the different units of a computer systems. Here is a neat block diagram showing the functions of the different units of a computer system. Here's a brief description of each unit's function: — Input Unit: Accepts data and instructions from the user. - Central Processing Unit (CPU): Executes instructions, performs calculations, and controls the flow of data. — Memory Unit: Stores data and programs temporarily or permanently. — Output Unit: Displays or prints the output of the computer. - Storage Unit: Stores data and programs long-term. Note: This is a simplified block diagram, and modern computer systems may have additional units or sub-units, but this gives you a general idea of the main functions of each unit. 2. Describe memory Hierarchy in detail with a neat sketch. The memory hierarchy is a hierarchical structure of memory levels in a computer system, organized based on their access speed, size, and cost. Here is a detailed description of the memory hierarchy, along with a neat sketch: *Memory Hierarchy:* 1. *Registers* (Smallest, Fastest, and Most Expensive) - Small amount of memory built into the CPU - Holds data temporarily while it's being processed - Access time: 1-2 clock cycles 2. *Cache Memory* (Small, Fast, and Expensive) - Small, high-speed memory inside the CPU - Holds frequently used data and instructions - Access time: 2-10 clock cycles 3. *Main Memory (RAM)* (Larger, Slower, and Less Expensive) - Holds data and programs temporarily- Access time: 10-100 clock cycles 4. *Virtual Memory* (Largest, Slowest, and Least Expensive) - Combination of RAM and disk storage - Holds data and programs that don't fit in RAM - Access time: 100-1000 clock cycles 5. *Secondary Storage* (Largest, Slowest, and Least Expensive) - Non-volatile storage devices (hard disk, SSD, etc.) - Holds data and programs long-term - Access time: 1000-10000 clock cycles Note: The access times are approximate and may vary depending on the specific computer system. 3.Define software. Explain— 1) Customized software ii) Open source software iii) Performance Monitoring Software [30/06, 7:01 pm] Meta Al: Software refers to a set of instructions or programs that tell a computer what to do. It is a collection of data, instructions, and algorithms that are used to operate computers and manage data. 1. _Customized Software:_ Customized software, also known as tailored software, is designed to meet the specific needs of a particular organization or individual. It is created to address specific business requirements, processes, or workflows. Customized software can include: — Bespoke software development - Customized enterprise software - Tailored software solutions Example: A company might commission a custom software development to manage their unique supply chain process. 1. _Open Source Software:_ Open source software is software that makes its source code available for anyone to view, modify, and distribute. It is often developed collaboratively by a community of developers and is usually free to use.Open source software includes: — Operating systems like Linux - Web browsers like Firefox — Productivity software like LibreOffice Example: Apache, a popular web server software, is open source. 1. Performance Monitoring Software:_ Performance monitoring software is used to monitor and analyze the performance of computer systems, networks, or applications. It helps to identify bottlenecks, optimize resources, and improve overall system efficiency. Performance monitoring software includes: - System monitoring tools like Nagios - Application performance monitoring tools like AppDynamics — Network monitoring tools like SolarWinds Example: A company might use performance monitoring software to ensure their e-commerce platform is running smoothly during peak sales periods. 4.What is operating system? Explain types of operating system. An operating system (OS) is a software that manages and controls a computer's hardware and software resources, providing a platform for running applications and performing tasks. It acts as an intermediary between computer hardware and user-level applications, controlling the allocation of system resources such as memory, CPU time, and storage. Types of Operating Systems: 1. *Batch Operating System*: Executes jobs in batches, without user interaction. Example: Mainframe operating systems. 2. *Time-Sharing Operating System*: Allows multiple users to interact with the computer simultaneously. Example: Unix, Linux. 3. *Real-Time Operating System*: Guarantees a response to events within a specific time constraint. Example: Embedded systems, robotics. 4. *Single-User Operating System*: Designed for individual users, withno multi-user support. Example: MS-DOS, Windows 95. 5. *Multi-User Operating System*: Supports multiple users, with each user having their own account and resources. Example: Unix, Linux, Windows Server. 6. *Multiprocessing Operating System*: Manages multiple processors or cores, improving system performance. Example: Windows Server, Linux. 7. *Mobile Operating System*: Designed for mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets. Example: Android, iOS. 8. *Embedded Operating System*: Used in specialized devices, like routers, cameras, and appliances. Example: Embedded Linux, Windows Embedded. 9. *Cloud Operating System*: Manages cloud computing resources and infrastructure. Example: CloudStack, OpenStack. 10. *Hybrid Operating System*: Combines elements from different types of operating systems. Example: Windows 10 (combines desktop and mobile features). These categories are not mutually exclusive, and modern operating systems often blend features from multiple types. 5.Explain software hierarchy in details . Software hierarchy refers to the organization of software components in a structured manner, from low-level system software to high-level application software. Here is a detailed explanation of the software hierarchy: 1. *Firmware*: Permanent software stored in read-only memory (ROM) chips, controlling hardware devices. 2. *System Software*: Operates and controls computer hardware, providing a platform for running applications. a. *Low-Level System Software*: - *Bios*: Basic Input/Output System, configuring hardware components. - *Device Drivers*: Managing hardware devices.- *Bootloaders*: Loading operating systems. b. High-Level System Software*: - *Operating Systems* (OS): Managing system resources, process scheduling, and memory management. - *Utility Software*: Performing maintenance, optimization, and security tasks. 1. *Programming Languages*: Used for writing software, categorized into: a. *Low-Level Languages*: - *Assembly Languages*: Symbolic representation of machine code. - *Machine Language*: Binary code executed directly by CPUs. b. *High-Level Languages*: - *Scripting Languages*: Interpreted languages like Python, JavaScript. - *Compiled Languages*: C, C++, Java, translated to machine code before execution. 1. *Application Software*: Designed to perform specific tasks, categorized into: a. *System Applications*: - *Productivity Software*: Office suites, word processors. - *Graphics and Multimedia Software*: Image editors, video players. b. *User Applications*: - *Web Applications*: Online services, social media platforms. - *Mobile Applications*: Apps for smartphones, tablets. 1. *Utility Software*: Performs maintenance, optimization, and security tasks. 2. *Malicious Software*: Harmful software, including viruses, worms, and Trojans. This software hierarchy illustrates the layers of software that work together to enable computer systems to perform tasks, from low-level system software to high-level application software.6.Explain program language translators: Assembler. Compiler, Interpreter, Linker, Loader, Program language translators are software tools that convert programming languages into machine code that computers can understand. Here's an explanation of each: 1. _Assembler_: Translates assembly language into machine code. Assembly language uses symbolic codes (e.g., MOV, ADD) that are translated into machine code. Example: MASM (Microsoft Macro Assembler) 1. _Compiler_: Translates high-level languages (e.g., C, C++, Java) into machine code. Compilers break code into phases: preprocessing, parsing, optimization, and code generation. Example: GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) 1. _Interpreter_: Directly executes high-level language code without compiling it first. Interpreters translate code line—by-line, executing it immediately. Example: Python Interpreter 1. _Linker_ (or _Link Editor_): Combines object files generated by compilers into a single executable file. Resolves external references between object files. Example: Id (Linker) on Linux 1 Saloadenss Loads executable files into memory for execution. Allocates memory, sets up program headers, and initializes program registers. Example: loader on Linux - Assembler: translates assembly language to machine code - Compiler: translates high-level languages to machine code- Interpreter: executes high-level language code directly - Linker: combines object files into an executable file — Loader: loads executable files into memory for execution These program language translators play a crucial role in the software development process, enabling us to write programs in high-level languages and execute them on computers. 7. Define computer Network? Explain the following networking concepts: i) LAN, WAN and MAN ii) Inter networking. A computer network is a collection of interconnected devices that communicate with each other to share resources, exchange data, and provide services. i) LAN, WAN, and MAN: — LAN (Local Area Network): A network that spans a small geographical area, typically within a building or campus, connecting devices such as computers, printers, and servers. - WAN (Wide Area Network): A network that covers a larger geographical area, connecting multiple LANs and remote sites, often using public or private telecommunications infrastructure. - MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): A network that connects multiple LANs within a metropolitan area, typically using fiber-optic cables or wireless links. ii) Internetworking: Internetworking refers to the connection of multiple networks, including LANs, WANs, and MANs, to form a larger network that allows communication and data exchange between devices on different networks. This is achieved through the use of protocols such as TCP/IP, routers, switches, and gateways. Internetworking enables: - Communication between devices on different networks - Sharing of resources and services across networks - Expansion of network coverage and reach — Improved reliability and fault tolerance Key internetworking concepts include:- Protocol stacks (e.g., TCP/IP) - Network addressing (e.g., IP addresses) — Routing and switching — Network bridging and gatewaying — Network security and firewalls By connecting multiple networks, internetworking enables the creation of a global network infrastructure, facilitating communication, collaboration, and information exchange on a large scale. 8.) Explain Computer Viruses with its types. A computer virus is a type of malware that replicates itself by attaching to other programs or files on a computer. It can cause harm to a computer system by damaging or destroying data, stealing sensitive information, or disrupting system operations. Types of Computer Viruses: 1. *Trojan Virus*: A Trojan virus disguises itself as a legitimate program, allowing an attacker to access the infected computer remotely. 2. *Worm Virus*: A worm virus is a self-replicating virus that doesn't need to attach to a program or file to spread. 3. *Logic Bomb Virus*: A logic bomb virus is a piece of code that remains dormant until triggered by a specific event or action. 4. *Rootkit Virus*: A rootkit virus hides malware or unauthorized access to a computer by concealing itself and other malware from the system. 5. Polymorphic Virus*: A polymorphic virus changes its form and appearance each time it is executed, making it difficult to detect. 6. *Multipartite Virus*: A multipartite virus attacks multiple parts of a computer system, including the boot sector, files, and programs. 7. *Armored Virus*: An armored virus uses compression, encryption, or other techniques to protect itself from detection and removal. 8. *Stealth Virus*: A stealth virus hides itself and its effects on the system, making it difficult to detect. 9. *Ransomware Virus*: A ransomware virus encrypts files and demands payment in exchange for the decryption key. 10. *Boot Sector Virus*: A boot sector virus infects the boot sector of ahard drive, making it difficult to start the computer. These types of viruses can spread through various means, including: 9.Explain video conferencing with its applications. Also state advantages and disadvantages of it. Video conferencing is a technology that allows users to hold real-time video and audio conversations over the internet, enabling remote communication and collaboration. Applications: 1. Business meetings and conferences 2. Remote training and education 3. Virtual events and webinars 4. Telemedicine and online healthcare 5. Remote interviews and job fairs 6. Social gatherings and virtual events 7. Customer service and support 8. Online language translation and interpretation Advantages: 1. Cost-effective: Reduces travel costs and time. 2. Increased productivity: Enables remote work and flexible scheduling. 3. Global reach: Connects people worldwide. 4. Enhanced collaboration: Facilitates real-time communication and feedback. 5. Environmentally friendly: Reduces carbon footprint. 6. Accessibility: Enables participation for people with mobility issues. Disadvantages: 1. Technical issues: Connection problems, poor video quality, and audio delays. 2. Limited nonverbal cues: Difficult to read body language and facial expressions. 3. Distractions: Background noise, interruptions, and multitasking. 4. Security concerns: Data privacy and encryption issues. 5. Dependence on internet: Requires stable and high-speed internet connectivity.6. Limited personal interaction: Lack of face-to-face human connection. Popular video conferencing platforms include: 1. Zoom 2. Skype 3. Google Meet 4. Microsoft Teams 5. Cisco Webex 6. GoToMeeting 7. Join.me Video conferencing has transformed the way we communicate and collaborate, offering numerous benefits and advantages. However, it also presents some challenges and limitations. By understanding its applications, advantages, and disadvantages, we can effectively utilize video conferencing to enhance our personal and professional lives. 10.Explain the following internet protocols— 1) FTP ii) Telnet Here's an explanation of each internet protocol: 1. ¥FTP (File Transfer Protocol)*: FTP is a protocol used for transferring files over the internet. It allows users to upload, download, and manage files on a remote server. FTP uses a client-server architecture, where the user's computer acts as the client, and the remote server acts as the server. FTP commands: — Upload: PUT or UPLOAD - Download: GET or DOWNLOAD — Delete: DELETE - Rename: RENAME - Create directory: MKDIR - Remove directory: RMDIR 1. *Telnet*: Telnet is a protocol used for remote access to a computer or server over the internet. It allows users to log in to a remote system and access its command-line interface as if they were locally present. Telnet uses aclient-server architecture, where the user's computer acts as the client, and the remote server acts as the server. Telnet is often used for: — Remote server administration - Troubleshooting network issues - Accessing legacy systems 1. *TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)*: TCP/IP is a suite of protocols that forms the foundation of the internet. It is a set of communication protocols that enables data exchange between devices connected to the internet. TCP/IP consists of two main protocols: - *TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)*: Ensures reliable data transfer between devices, using a connection-oriented approach. — *|P (Internet Protocol)*: Routes data packets between devices, using a connectionless approach. TCP/IP is responsible for: - Addressing devices using IP addresses - Routing data packets between networks — Ensuring data integrity and reliability - Providing a foundation for other internet protocols (like FTP, Telnet, and HTTP) These protocols work together to enable communication, data transfer, and remote access over the internet. 11. Discuss the following terms— i) Domain name ii) Web browsers iii) HTML Here's a discussion of each term: i. Domain Name_: A domain name is a human-readable string that represents an IP address, used to access a website or online resource. It's like a digital address that helps users find and remember websites. Example: (link unavailable) Domain names consist of:- Top-level domain (TLD): .com, .org, .net, etc. - Second-level domain (SLD): google, facebook, etc. ii. Web Browsers_: A web browser is software that allows users to access and view websites on the internet. It acts as a client that requests and displays web pages, using HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). Popular web browsers: - Google Chrome - Mozilla Firefox — Apple Safari - Microsoft Edge - Opera Web browsers provide features like: - URL bars for entering website addresses — Bookmarks for saving favorite sites - Search engines for finding websites - Tabs for multitasking - Extensions for added functionality iii. [HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)_: HTML is a standard markup language used to create web pages. It's the backbone of a website, providing structure and content that web browsers can render. HTML consists of: - Elements (tags):

, , ,

, etc. - Attributes: src, href, alt, title, etc. — Content: text, images, videos, etc. HTML is used for: - Defining page structure (headings, paragraphs, lists) — Adding multimedia content (images, videos, audio) - Creating links and navigation - Styling text and layout (using CSS) - Providing metadata (title, description, keywords) These terms are fundamental to the web, enabling us to access, create, and share online content.12. What is Cloud computing? Describe Cloud computing architecture. Cloud computing is a technology for delivering internet-based services that offers on—demand access to a shared pool of computing resources, including storage, applications, and servers '?* 4. Here's an overview of cloud computing architecture: *Frontend:* - The client-side of cloud computing - Includes user interfaces and applications used to access cloud services - Examples: web browsers, mobile devices, and tablets *Backend:* - The service provider's side of cloud computing — Manages resources and provides security mechanisms - Includes storage, virtual machines, traffic control mechanisms, and deployment models *Components of Cloud Computing Architecture:* - *Client Infrastructure:* Provides a graphical user interface to interact with the cloud - *Application:* Software or platforms that clients access - *Service:* Manages the type of cloud service accessed by the user — *Runtime Cloud:* Provides an execution environment for virtual machines — *Storage:* Offers flexible and scalable storage service management - *Infrastructure:* Includes hardware and software components of the cloud - *Management:* Manages backend components and establishes coordination between them - *Security:* Implements security mechanisms in the backend — *Internet:* Acts as a medium for interaction and communication between the frontend and backend - *Database:* Provides structured data storage - *Networking:* Offers networking infrastructure for cloud—based applications - *Analytics:* Provides analytics capabilities for cloud-based data13. Describe characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing. Characteristics of Cloud Computing: 1. *On-demand self-service*: Resources can be provisioned and de- provisioned automatically without human intervention. 2. *Broad network access*: Resources are accessible over the internet or a private network from any device, anywhere. 3. *Resource pooling*: Resources are pooled together to provide a multi- tenant environment. 4. *Rapid elasticity*: Resources can be scaled up or down quickly to match changing business needs. 5. *Measured service*: Users only pay for the resources they use. Advantages of Cloud Computing: . *Cost-effective*: Reduced capital and operational expenses. . *Scalability*: Easily scale up or down to match business needs. . *Flexibility*: Access resources from anywhere, on any device. . *Reliability*: Built-in redundancy and disaster recovery. . *Security*: Enhanced security features and compliance. . *Agility*: Quickly deploy new resources and applications. - *Collaboration*: Enhanced collaboration and productivity. NQAQPRWNRA Disadvantages of Cloud Computing: 1. *Dependence on internet connectivity*: Cloud resources require a stable internet connection. 2. *Security risks*: Data breaches, unauthorized access, and malware attacks. 3. *Data privacy concerns*: Data stored in a third-party environment. 4. *Vendor lock-in*: Difficulty switching cloud providers. 5. *Limited control*: Less control over infrastructure and resources. 6. *Performance variability*: Variable performance levels. 7. *Compliance and regulatory issues*: Ensuring compliance with regulations.