INTRODUCTION

HISTORY OF COMPUTER
A Computer is an electronic Device that can accept, store and process information to
produce the required result. It has memory capacity. It is very speed, accuracy and diligence.
Compute means calculate. It is a Greek word. Father of the computer is Charles Babbage. He
invented in 1880, which was called Analytical Engine.
Computers are mainly three types there are
1. ANALOG
2. DIGITAL
3. HYBRID

ANALOG: It is used for scientific researches.

Ex: Satellites, Rockets……..,
DIGITAL: It is used for General purpose.
Ex: Banking, Railways, Education’s, All kinds of Offices……..
HYBRID: Digital & Analog, which combination is called Hybrid computers?
Computer is divided into CLASSIFICATIONS. There are
1. Micro Computer
2. Mini Computer
3. Main Frame
4. Superlative (Super Computer)
MICRO COMPUTER: It is used for General purpose and also it is single user system. It is
working very slowly. It is very low price in cost. It is also called Personal computer (PC)
Micro computer divided in to three types. There are
1. Desk Top
It has five parts: C.P.U (Central Processing Unit)
Monitor (V.D.U – Visual Display Unit)
Key Board
Mouse
Printer
2. Lap Top
3. Palm Top
MINI COMPUTER: Mini computer is multi user system. It is also used to general purpose. It is
speed than Micro computer. It is costly. It is used in companies.

MAINFRAME COMPUTER: It is also multi user system. Hundreds of users work at a time. It
is very past of all the systems. It is very costly. It is used in large companies like IBM, ORACLE,
etc.,

SUPERLATIVE COMPUTER: It is used in scientific researches like whether report.

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

Generation means a variation of the computer development like computer size, shape, speed, and
performs the work etc...,

GENERATIONS ARE FIVE TYPES THEY ARE

1st Generation: 1946-1955 period of time is first generation. In this computers used Vacuums
tubes.

2nd Generation: 1956- 1965 is period of time second generation. In this computers used
Transistors.

3rd Generation: 1966-1975 period of time is third generation. In this computers used Integrated
Circuits (I.C).It is also called LSI(Large Scale Integration).

4th Generation: 1976 –1987 period of time is fourth generation. In this computers is used Very
Large Scale Integrated Circuits (V.L.S.I.C).

5th Generation: 1988- At Present. In this computers used robotic technology. This generation
computers are called thinking computer.
COMPUTER DIVISIONS
Computer was divided into two parts, there are

SOFTWARE
HARDWARE

SOFTWARE: Set of programs are called Software.

Program: Set of conditions are called program.

HARDWARE: Physical components of the computers called hardware. Physically we can touch
it.

SOME HARDWARE components ( PERIPHERALS) are:

C.P.U. ( Central Processing Unit )

Monitor ( V.D.U- Visual Display Unit)
Key board
Mouse
Printer
Mother Board
Scanner
C.D ( Compact Disk )
DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
Floppy
Hard Disk
RAM ( Random Access Memory )
ROM ( Read Only Memory )
I.C ( Integrated Circuit )
ROM Battery
Data Cables
S.M.P.S ( Switch Mode Power Supply)
Processor Fan ( Heat Sink ), Etc.,
 SOFT WARES

Software is mainly three types, there are

Application software
Compiler Software
Operating Software( O.S )

1. APPLICATION SOFTWARE: Application soft wares are very easy to learn and work to the
users. We couldn’t see the application software coding, because of it was created by another
programmer.

Application software is divided in to two types, there are

Customized Application Software

Standard Application Software

CUSTOMIZED APPLICATION SOFTWARE: It was designed for the specific problem

(Solutions).
Ex: Telephone Billing, Electricity Billing, Etc…
STANDARD APPLICATION SOFTWARE: It is used for all the offices and users.
Ex: WORD, EXCEL, Etc…

2. COMPILER SOFTWARE: It means machine language. Machine language has in Binary

language ( Bi means Two in Latin Language). It means 0, 1.
So many programs are written in different languages, which languages computer didn’t
understood, at the time Compiler software is used as mediator between user and computer, i.e.
compiler software converts into machine language from any other languages.

3. OPERATING SOFTWARE: Operating system is very important software of the computer. It

is also called Main software of the computer or platform of all the Soft wares.
Operating Software also performs device management.
Ex: DOS, WINDOWS 95, 98,NT,2000, ME, XP, Etc...

COMPUTER PROCESS

Every computer process is depending on IPO cycle. IPO means Input, Process, Output.

INPUT OUTPUT
PROCESS

INPUT: Whatever you gave the conditions through the key board, mouse or any component into
the C.P.U. that is input. Which producing devices are called input devices.
Ex: Key board, Mouse, Mouth, Joystick, Scanner.

OUTPUT: Whatever you see the information on the monitor, printer any device i.e. output.
Which producing devices are called output devices.
Ex: Monitor, Printer, Speakers, Etc..,

PROCESS: Whatever you gave the conditions into the C.P.U , which were solved in the C.P.U.
i.e. process. Process was done by C.P.U.

A.L.U
Arithmetic Logical

M.U Memory

C.U
Control Unit

A. L. U: It performs Arithmetic calculations like +, -, /, *, %, etc.. And Logical like conditional

statements.
M.U: It means what ever you type the data or any information stored in memory unit.
C.U: It performs all the components.
MEMORY: Memory has mainly two types. There are

Primary or First or Main Memory

Secondary memory.

PRIMARY MEMORY ALSO DIVIDE INTO TWO TYPES

ROM (Read Only Memory ): It is a permanent memory. And used to set system settings.
RAM ( Random Access Memory ): It is a temporary memory, that is ( i.e.) whenever you shut
down the computer that memory is erased.

SECONDARY MEMORY ALSO SOME TYPES

Hard Disk
Floppy Disk
C.D.

Hard Disk: It is connected in the C.P.U. It has large amount of data storage capacity up to Giga
Bytes, whenever you save the file which was stored in Hard Disk.

Floppy Disk: It is used to transfer data from one system to another system. Which capacity is
1.44 M.B.
HOW TO MEASURE THE MEMORY

We were measuring weight in KG’s like Computer memory is measured by BYTES.

Byte Means One Character or One Letter. Each Byte has 8 Bites. Bit means 1/8th part of the
character.

4 Bites = ½ Byte or One Nibble

8 Bites = 1 Byte
1024 Bytes = 1 Kilo Byte
1024 KB = 1 Mega Byte
1024 MB = 1 Giga Byte
1024 GB = 1 Terra Byte
 MS PAINT

Micro soft paint is used to practice the mouse and to draw the pictures. Paint is developed
by Micro soft.

1. How to open Ms Paint?

Ans: Process:

Step : 1. Click on start button in the taskbar.

2. Click on programs.
3. Select Accessories.
4. Click on Paint Maximize

Then Ms Paint window is opened as shown in figure.

Close
Title bar Minimize
File Name App. Name

Menu Bar

T
O Work space
O Vertical
L Scroll Bar
B
A
R
Horizontal Scroll bar

Selected Color Color Box

Background color
Status Bar
2. How to save the File or picture?
Ans: Fist of all draw the picture whatever you will store in computer then select save option from
file in menu bar. Then you see a window. In that window type some name at space of the
filename box. After click on save button .

Now your picture is saved with typing name.

That is, your typing name is appeared at left side of the title bar.

3. How to create a duplicate file?

Ans: Duplicate file means creating same file with same data or information.

To create duplicate file fist save the picture then select save as option from file in menu
bar.

Then you see a window. In that window type different name at space of the file name.
Now your file (picture) is again saved with different name.

4. How to open a previous file?

Ans: select open option from file in menu bar then you see a window. Which window appears
previous files list? Select a file (what ever you want) then click on open button.
Now selected file is opened.

5. How to create Desk top wall paper?

Ans: A basic widow Plot form is called Desk top.
First draw the picture (what ever you will put on desk top) then save the picture (to save,
follow 2nd question steps). Then select set as wallpaper from file in menu bar.
Now close or minimize the paint window to see the picture on Desktop.
NAME OF THE TOOL IN TOOL BAR:

FREE FORM SELECT SELECT

ERASER FILL WITH COLOR

PICK MAGNIFIER
COLOUR

PENCIL
BRUSH

AIR BRUSH TEXT

LINE CURVE

RECTANGLE POLYGON

ELLIPSE ROUNDED
RECTANGLE

NOTE: When ever you put the cursor on some then displayed some matter that is called "TOOL
TIP”.
 NOTE PAD

It is used to practice the key board and store the small information like address, letters,
etc..,

1: How to open Note Pad?

Ans: process:
Step1: Click on start button
Step2: Select Programs
Step3: Select Accessories
Step4: Click on Notepad

Minimiz
Then Notepad window is opened as shown in below figure.
Minimiz
File Name Application Title Bar
Name
Close

Menu
Bar

Title Bar: It is used to display the Name of the Application & File Name. Which has?
Also Three Buttons they are
Minimize: It is used to close the application temporarily i.e put the application on
Task Bar.
Maximize: It is used to increase the window size (Full Screen).
Close: It is used to close the opened application.
2: HOW TO SET THE FONT SIZE?
Ans: Font means what ever you typed. To set the font size (Increment & Decrement), Select SET
FONT option from EDIT in menu bar. Then you saw a window in that window select Font size
from SIZE text box & To change the text style select lettering model from FONT text box. After
click on OK button.
Now your typing text is changed according to selections.

3: WHAT IS WORD WRAP?

Ans: word wrap means typing text exist to the window size. To set word wrap select word wrap
option from EDIT menu.

SOME KEY BOARD KEYS ARE:

SYMBOL OF THE KEY SYMBOL NAME
ESC = Escape
F1 = Function 1
~ = Tild
` = Grave
! = Exclamatory
@ = At the Rate of
# = Yash ( Sharp)
$ = Dollar
% = Percentage
^ = Exponential
& = And
* = Multiplication ( Star)
( ) = Open brackets
__ = Hipen
| = Pipe
\ = Back Slash ( Reverse Slash )
/ = Front Slash
{ } = Curling Brace
[ ] = Closed Brackets
: = Colons
; = Semi Colons
“ = Double Quotations
‘ = Apostrophe
, = Cama
. = Point ( Full Stop)
< = Less Than
> = Greater Than
? = Question Mark
Ctrl = Control
Alt = Alternative
 = Window Key
 = Shortcut Menu button( To open right mouse )
 = Left Arrow
 = Right Arrow
 = Up Arrow
 = Down Arrow
 WINDOWS EXPLORER

Windows explorer is used to shows the all Files in the system & To create the Folders
and CUT, COPY, DELETE, RENAME. Etc.,

1: HOW TO OPEN WINDOWS EXPLORER?

Ans:
PROCESS:
Step1: Click on Start Button
Step2: Select Programs
Step3: Click on Windows Explorer
OR
Press WINDOW KEY ( ) + E
Now windows explore is opened as shown in figure.

Tool Bar

Address Bar

C drive
D drive

Status Bar
Q. HOW TO CREATE A FOLDER?
Ans:
Folder means set of files and sub folders OR a protection area of the file & Sub Folder.

PROCESS:
STEP 1: Open any Drive ( A, C, D,…)
STEP 2: Click on File Menu
STEP 3: Select New option
Then you see a BOX symbol & Blinking point, Now Type some Name ( What ever you
want) after press Enter symbol ( To save the typing name-Folder ).
Now a folder is created in opened Drive.

NOTE: Drive manes a part of the Memory area.

Q: HOW TO CHANGE THE FILE or FOLDER NAME?

Ans:
PROCESS:
STEP1: First select the File or Folder
STEP2: Click on File Menu
STEP3: Select Rename Option
STEP4: Type New name (Whatever you want)
STEP5: Press enter key (To save the new name)
Now selected file name is changed in to new name.

Q: HOW TO MOVE THE FILE or FOLDER?

Ans:
PROCESS:
STEP1: First select the File or Folder
STEP2 : Click on Edit Menu
STEP3 : Select CUT option
STEP4 : Open another Drive or Folder ( Where ever you will put)
STEP5: Click on Edit Menu
STEP6: Select PASTE option
 Now selected File is changed in to another location.

Q: HOW TO COPY THE FILE or FOLDER?

Ans:
PROCESS:
STEP1 : First select the File or Folder
STEP2 : Click on Edit Menu
STEP3 : Select COPY option
STEP4 : Open another Drive or Folder ( Where ever you will put)
STEP5 : Click on Edit Menu
STEP6 : Select PASTE option
Now selected File is copied in to another location.

MORE USES OF W.E:

For example you have a floppy or C.D. Now you want see in that C.D or Floppy.

HOW TO OPEN FLOPPY:

1. Insert the floppy in to floppy Disk drive of C.P.U.
2. Open Windows Explorer ( window key +E)
3. Click on my computer left side of the two boxes
4. Click on 31/2 floppy ( A:)
5. Click on open option in file menu
Then you see the information in floppy.

NOTE:- 1. Every floppy has locking button corner of the floppy.

2. To open modify the floppy like Delete, cut, Rename, etc.., you must open the
that locking button.

HOW TO OPEN C.D.( COMPCT DISK) :

PROCESS:
1. Insert the C.D. into CD-ROM of the C.P.U.
 2. Click on MY Computer in windows Explorer or on Desk top.
3. Select open option in file menu or press enter key
4. Select last Drive of A,C,D,E,…… or C.D.drive
5. Select open option from file in menu bar
Then you can see the information in that C.D.

NOTE:- If the C.D has movie or any function , first open MPEGAV folder, then select a file &
open . Then opened “ opened with “ window in that window remove the tick mark & select
media player option above the tick mark finally click on Open / OK button.
Then you see the information of C.D.
 FIND ( Search )
Find is used to remember the forgot files or folders. For example you have a file namely
vasu but which file forgot wherever you saved, at the time FIND is used.

1. HOW TO OPEN FIND?

PROCESS:-
Step1: Click on start button
Step2: Select find or search option
Step3: Click on files or folders
OR
Press Window Key (  ) + F
Then you see a window as shown in figure.

Figure 1

Which window has 3 Tabs

1. Name and Location
2. Date
3. Advanced

NAME & LOCATION :- It is searched wherever you save the file. It is also searching with
Extension. Extension means whenever you save a file at the time system also give some name to
that file. Extension is depending on application. Each file has primary name & extension name. (
As Shown In Figure 1)

SOME APPLICATIONS EXTENSIONS ARE :

1. vasu . bmp PAINT

2. raju . txt NOTEPAD
3. rani . doc WORD
4. srinu . ppt POWER POINT
5. satya . xls EXCEL

Primary
Name Extension Name
( any name

DATE: If you are forgot the file name, folder name and extension at the time it is used. Like as
shown in figure.

ADVANCED: If you are forget all above things, at the time it is used. That means find with file
capacity ( Bytes ).
NOTE: 1. Always you select My Computer for best method to find the files at LOOK IN option
in Name & Location Tab.