MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

TOPICS DISCUSSED

 INTRODUCTION

 REDION OF INTEGRATION

 CHANGING THE ORDER OF INTEGRATION

 PLANE AREA USING DOUBLE INTEGRATION

 CARTISEAN FORM

 POLAR FORM
 INTRODUTION
 When a function 𝑓(𝑥) is integrated with respect to x between
�𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
the limits a and b, we get the double integral �

∫
𝑎
 If the integrand is a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)and if it is integrated
with respect to x and y repeatedly between the limits 𝑥0

𝑥1 (for x ) and between the limits 𝑦0 and 𝑦1 (for y ) we get a

and

𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
double integral that is denoted by the symbol
𝑦1 𝑥
∫𝑦0
∫𝑥0
1
 Extending the concept of double integral one step further,

∫𝑧0 ∫1 ∫1 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 .

we get the triple integral, denoted by
𝑧1 𝑦 𝑥

𝑦0 𝑥0
EVALUATION OF DOUBLE AND TRIPLE
INTEGRALS
𝑓(𝑥,
𝑥1
∫ first integrate 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) with
 To evaluate
)
∫𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑦1

𝑦0 𝑥0

between the limits 𝑥0 and 𝑥1 .

respect to x partially, treating y as constant temporarily,

between the limits𝑥𝑦 1 0 and 𝑦1 as usual.

 Then integrate the resulting function of y with respect to y

 In notation 𝑦1 [ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑦 ( for double integral)

∫
∫𝑦0 𝑥0
{ [ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑦} 𝑑𝑧
𝑧1 𝑦1 𝑥1

∫𝑦 ∫𝑥
( for triple
∫𝑧0 0 0
integral).

Note:
 Integral with variable limits should be the innermost
integral and it should be integrated first and then the
constant limits.
REGION OF INTEGRATION
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, 𝑥 varies from
� 𝜑 2 (𝑦)
Consider the double integral �∫
𝜑 1 (𝑦)
∫
𝑐
𝜑1 (𝑦) 𝑡𝑜 𝜑2 (𝑦) and 𝑦 varies from 𝑐 𝑡𝑜 𝑑. (i.e) 𝜑1 (𝑦) ≤ 𝑥 ≤
𝜑2 (𝑦)and 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑. These inequalities determine a region in the
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒, which is shown in the following figure.This region
ABCD is known as the region of integration
EXAMPLE :1
1 2
Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
2
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥[
1 2 2
1

∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ∫0 𝑦/3]
𝑦 1
0
=8 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 0
1
8 𝑥2
= [ ]
3 2 0

4
= 3
EXAMPLE :2
3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate 1
2 𝑥
∫
𝑦
∫1
2

Solution:

= ∫ [log 𝑥]2
3 2 3 1
1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∫2 ∫1 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑦
𝑥𝑦
3 1
=(𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔1) ∫ 𝑑𝑦
2 𝑦

=𝑙𝑜𝑔2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦]
2
3

=𝑙𝑜𝑔2(𝑙𝑜𝑔3 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2)
=𝑙𝑜𝑔2. log⁡( 3/2)
EXAMPLE :3
2 3
0 1 2
Evaluate ∫ ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦2𝑧𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
1
Solution:
2
2 3 2 2 3 𝑧2
𝑥𝑦 𝑧𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = [ ]
2 2
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
∫0 ∫1 ∫0 ∫1 𝑥𝑦
∫1 2 1

= ∫02∫13 3
𝑥𝑦2𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2
3 2 𝑦3 3
∫0 [ 3 ]1 𝑥𝑑𝑥
=
2 2
𝑥2 2 0
26 [
2
]
=
= 26
EXAMPLE :4
1 2 2
Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 ∫ 𝑦𝑥2𝑧𝑑𝑧
0 0
1

2
1 2 𝑧2
Solution:
2
2 2
𝑑𝑦 [ ] 𝑦𝑥
1 2
∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑧𝑑 = 𝑑𝑥
∫0 ∫1 𝑥 𝑧 ∫0 ∫0 2
1

3 1
2
[ ] 2𝑑𝑥
𝑦2
∫0 𝑥
=
2
2 0
1
= 3 ∫ 2 𝑥2𝑑𝑥
2 0

= ] =1
[
𝑥 2 3

3 0
EXAMPLE :5
𝜋
𝜋 1 2
Evaluate ∫0 ∫02 ∫ sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑∅
𝑟
1
𝜋
𝜋 𝑟3
Solution:
𝜋
𝜋 2 1 2
∫0 ∫ ∫ 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑∅ = ∫ ∫2 sin ] 𝑑𝜃𝑑∅
𝜃[
0 0 0 3 0
0
𝜋
1 𝜋
= ∫0 ∫2 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑∅
3 0
1 𝜋
= ∫ [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]2 𝑑∅
𝜋

3 0 0
1 𝜋
= ∫ 𝑑∅
3 0

𝜋
= 3
EXAMPLE :6
1 𝑥
Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Solution:
1 𝑥
∫ ∫ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [𝑦] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1

0 0 0 0
1
=∫ 0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 1
=[ ]
2 0

1
= 2
EXAMPLE :7
𝑥
0 𝑦 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
Evaluate
𝑎
∫ ∫0
∫0
[
Solution:
𝑧𝑑𝑧]𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑥
I= 𝑦

∫0 ∫0 ∫0
𝑎 𝑦
𝑥 𝑧2
∫ [ ] 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
∫0 0 2 0
=

𝑎 𝑦2
=∫0 [ ]
𝑥

𝑎 ∫𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 2 𝑎 𝑦4
𝑥
=
𝑥 𝑦3

∫0 ∫0 [ ] 𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∫0
2
=
[ ] 𝑥𝑑𝑥 8 0

𝑥6 𝑎
=[ ] 𝑎6
48 0 = 48
EXAMPLE :8
1 √1−𝑥 √1−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
2 −𝑦 2

∫0 ∫0
Evaluate
∫0
√1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
−𝑧 2

Solution:
1 √1−𝑥 𝑧 √1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
2
I=∫ ∫ [sin−1 ( 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
)]
0 0 √1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
0
1 √1− 𝑑𝑥
∫ ∫
1 √1−𝑥 2 𝜋
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 ∫ [𝑦]
=
𝜋
= 𝑥 2

0 0 2 0 0
2
𝜋 1
= ∫ √1 − 𝑥2𝑑𝑥
2 0

=𝜋 [
𝑥
√ 𝑥2
1−
+
1
sin
−1
1 (𝑥)]
2 2 2 0

𝜋2
= 8
EXAMPLE :9
𝑎 sin
0 𝜃 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
Evaluate
𝜋
∫ ∫0
Solution:
𝜋
𝑎 sin 𝜃
I=
𝑟
∫ [ ] 𝑑𝜃
2

0 2
0

𝜋 1
𝑎2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
∫
=
2 0

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃
𝑎2 𝜋 [ ] 𝑑𝜃
∫0 𝑋 2
2
=
2
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 𝜋
= 𝑎 1 [𝜃 − 2
]=
2
0

�
�
�
�
2

4
 PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
Evaluate the following

1
∫ 4𝑥𝑦
1.∫02
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Ans: 4
0

2. ∫�
1�
1
𝑑𝑥𝑑
∫1 𝑦
� �𝑥
Ans: loga.logb
𝑦

3. ∫0 1∫0� 𝑑𝑥𝑑
𝑦
Ans: 1/2
�

4. ∫0� sin 𝜃
∫ 𝑟
𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
Ans: π/4
�0
5. ∫01 2 3
∫ ∫
𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
Ans: 9/2

6. ∫01 0 0

𝑧 𝑦+𝑧
∫0 ∫0
Ans: ½

𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
 EXAMPLE :10

𝑎 √𝑎 2−𝑥 2
∫0 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.
Sketch the region of integration for

Solution:
𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑎 ; 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦2
= 𝑎 2 − 𝑥2
Given

𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑎2
 EXAMPLE :11

∫0 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥.
Sketch the region of integration 1 𝑥

for

Solution:
Given 𝑥 = 0 ; 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑦 =
𝑥.
Y

x=y

x=1
X
y=0
EXAMPLE :12

Evaluate 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 where D is the region bounded

𝐷
by the positive octant of the sphere 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 𝑎2
Solution:

𝑎 √𝑎 −𝑥 √𝑎 2−𝑥 −𝑦
𝐼 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 2 2 2
∫
0 0 0

𝑎 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2

𝑥𝑦 [ ]
𝑧
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2

= ∫0 ∫0 2
0
 √𝑎2 −𝑥2
1 𝑎 𝑥𝑦 (𝑎2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
∫ ∫
=
2 0 02 2
√𝑎 −𝑥
1 𝑎 𝑥 (𝑎2𝑦 − 𝑦𝑥2 − 𝑦3)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
∫0 ∫0
=
2
1 𝑎
√𝑎 2−𝑥 2
𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑦
= ∫ [𝑎2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥
4

]
2 0 2 4 0
2
𝑎
= ∫ 𝑥 (𝑎2 − 𝑥2)2 𝑑𝑥
1

8 0
𝑎
= ∫ (𝑎4𝑥 − 2𝑎2𝑥3 + 𝑑𝑥
1

𝑥5)
8 0 2 𝑎
= 1 [𝑎 4 − 2𝑥
4

8
𝑥2 2 4
 𝑥 𝑎
− ]=
6
𝑎6
6 0 .
48
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
1. Sketch the region of integration for the following

4 𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑦
∫0
(i)
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
∫𝑦 2
4

𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2
(ii) ∫0 ∫𝑎−
𝑥

∫0
1 ∫
(iii) 1 𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧, where V is the region of

𝑉
2. Evaluate
space bounded by x=0,x=1,y=0,y=2,z=0 and z=3.

Ans: 33/2
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

𝑉 (1+𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)3
3. Evaluate , where V is the region of space

bounded by x=0,y=0,z=0 and x+y+z=1

1
16 (8𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 5)
Ans:

4. Evaluate 𝑉
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧, where V is the region of space bounded
by x=0,,y=0,,z=0 and 2x+3y+4z=12.

Ans: 12
CHANGE OF ORDER OF INTEGRATION
 If the limits of integration in a double integral are
constants, then the order of integration can be
changed, provided the relevant limits are taken
for the concerned variables.
 When the limits for inner integration are
functions of a variable, the change in the order of
integration will result in changes in the limits of
integration.

𝑓(𝑥,
� 𝑔2 (𝑦)

∫ ∫𝑦)( 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
i.e. � will take the form
𝑐 )
𝑔1 𝑦
𝑓(𝑥,
ℎ2 (𝑥)
𝑏 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
∫𝑎 ∫ℎ (𝑥)
1

 This process of converting a given double

integral into its equivalent double integral by
changing the order of integration is called the
change of order of integration.
EXAMPLE :13
1 2−𝑦
Evaluate ∫0 ∫� 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 by changing the order of
�
integration.
Solution: X
(1,1)
x=y x=2-y
D1 D2
Y

Given y : 0 to 1 and x : y to 2-y

By changing the order of integration,
In Region D1 x : 0 to 1 and y : 0 to x.
In Region D2 x : 1 to 2 and y : 0 to 2-x.
1 1 2 2−
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2−𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 +
∫1 ∫0
∫
∫0 𝑦 ∫0
𝑥
1 𝑦2 22 2−𝑥
𝑦
∫ 𝑥 [ ] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 [ ] 𝑑𝑥
= 0 2 ∫ 2
1 0 0
1 1
= ∫ 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2[4𝑥 − 4𝑥2 + 𝑥3]𝑑𝑥
2 0 1

2
1 4
1
0+
𝑥
1 4𝑥3
= [ ] −
[2𝑥 2 3
2 4 2
 1
2
𝑥4
+ ]
4 1

1 5 1
= 8 +24 = 3
EXAMPLE :14
𝑦
Evaluate ∫ ∫ 𝑦𝑒
𝑦 2−
∞
𝑥
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
by changing the order of integration.
0 0

Solution: Y

x=0 x=y
X
Given x=0, x = y, y = 0, y = ∞ .
By changing the order of integration y: x to ∞, x : 0 to ∞
∞ 𝑦 𝑦2

∫ ∫ 𝑦𝑒 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 𝑦𝑒− 𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑦−2
𝑥
∞ ∞

0 0 0 𝑥

= ∫ ∫ 𝑦𝑒 𝑑 () 𝑑𝑥
𝑦−2 𝑦2
𝑥
∞ ∞

0 2
𝑥
2
𝑦 1 ∞ −𝑥
1 ∞ 𝑒
= ∫0 [−1/𝑥] 𝑑 =
−
∞

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

2
�
𝑥 ∫ 2 𝑒
0
�

𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑥, 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒−𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑢 =

𝑑𝑥, 𝑣 = −𝑒−𝑥, by integration by parts,
1
= [𝑥 (𝑒
)− 1
−𝑥
] =
∞
2
𝑒
−𝑥
0 2
−
1
EXAMPLE :15

Evaluate ∫3 ∫√4−𝑦(𝑥 +
𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
by changing the order of integration.

0 1
Solution:
Y
y=3

x=1
D
y=4-x2
X

Given y=0,y=3 and x=1, x= √4 − 𝑦

By changing the order of integration,
In region D, x : 1 to 2 and y : 0 to 4-x2
 2 2 4−x
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦1 = ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
3 √4−𝑦
∫0 ∫1
∫
2 0
𝑦2
4−x2
= ∫1 [𝑥𝑦 +2 ] 𝑑𝑥
0
[𝑥(4 − x ) +
2 (4−x2)2
= 2
] 𝑑𝑥
∫1 2

∫12 [𝑥4
− 𝑥3 − + 4𝑥 + 8] 𝑑𝑥
4
4𝑥2
=

𝑥5
=[ −4
2
10 4 𝑥 𝑥 3 + + 8𝑥]
−4
2𝑥2
1
3

241
= 8
EXAMPLE :16

𝑎 2𝑎−𝑥
∫0 ∫𝑥 2 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 by changing the order of integration.
Evaluate

/𝑎
Solution:

Given y : 𝑥2/𝑎 to 2𝑎 − 𝑥 and x : 0 to a

By changing the order of integration,

In Region D1 x : 0 to √𝑎𝑦 and y : 0 to a.

In Region D2 x : 0 to 2𝑎 − 𝑦 and y : a to 2a.

 0 ∫ √𝑎
2
0𝑎 𝑥2𝑎−𝑥 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 0
2𝑎−𝑦
∫ ∫ 2/ 𝑎
∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑎
= ∫
𝑎 𝑥2 𝑎 12 2𝑎−𝑦
√
𝑦 𝑥

∫ 𝑦[] 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 [ ] 𝑑𝑦
= 0 2 ∫0 2
0 0
[4𝑎2𝑦 − 4𝑎𝑦2 + 𝑦3]𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑎 1 2𝑎
= 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 +
∫0 ∫𝑎
2 2
1 2𝑎
= �[ ] + 2 4𝑎𝑦 4 ]
𝑎
𝑦 3

𝑦 3− + 𝑎
� 3 [2𝑎
𝑦
2 2 3 4
0 2
 𝑎4 3𝑎4
= 6 +5𝑎4 = 8 0
.
2
4
EXAMPLE :17

√ 2−𝑥
𝑑𝑦
0 2 𝑥

∫𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 √𝑥 2
Evaluate
∫
by changing the order of integration.
+𝑦 2

Solution:

Given x = 0, x = 1 and y = x, y2 = 2-x2

By changing the order of integration

In Region D1, y : 0 to 1,x : 0 to y

In Region D2, y : 1 to √2 , x : 0 to √2 − 𝑦2
I= ∫ ∫
1 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + ∫
𝑥 √2−𝑦 2 √2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∫
0 0 √𝑥 2+𝑦 2 1 0 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

1 √2−𝑦 2
√2
√2
= ∫0 [√𝑥2 + 𝑦2] 𝑑𝑦 +∫ 𝑑𝑦
[√𝑥 + 𝑦 ]
2 2

0 1 0

1 √2
= ∫ (√2𝑦 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + ∫ (√2 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
0 1

𝑦 2)
√2
= ((√2 − 𝑦2 + (√2𝑦
) −
1
1)
2 0 2 1
1
√2
= 1-
 PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
Evaluate the following by changing the order of integration

1. ∫0�
4
𝑎
∫ (𝑥 + 𝑦 )
2 2 Ans: 𝑎
3
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
��
�

𝑎 2𝑎−
∫ 𝑥
0 𝑥𝑦
3𝑎4
∫𝑥2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
8
2. Ans:
𝑎

√𝑎 2 −𝑦 2 3
𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans: 𝑎
𝑎

∫0 ∫𝑎 −𝑦
3.
6
1 2−𝑦
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 Ans: 1
∫0 ∫𝑦
4.
3
PLANE AREA USING DOUBLE
INTEGRAL

CARTESIAN FORM
 EXAMPLE :18

+ =1
𝑥
2
𝑦2
Find by double integration, the area enclosed by the ellipse
𝑎2 𝑏2
Solution:

𝑥2
√
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫ ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
2 1−
A= 4
0 0
𝑥2
√ 2
0 1−𝑎
=4 𝑑𝑥
∫
0
𝑏
[𝑦 ]
𝑎

4𝑏 𝑎
√𝑎2 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
∫0
=
𝑎
𝑎
4𝑏
 −1 𝑎
[
𝑥2
√ − sin ]
+
𝑎2 𝑥
𝑎 0
𝑎2 𝑥2
2
 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏 sq.units.
4𝑏
𝑎 2 𝑎
x 2 x𝜋
=
2
EXAMPLE :19

Find the area between the parabola𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥2 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.

Solution:

Given 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥 , solving for x,

𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥2 => 0 = 3𝑥 − 𝑥2 => 0 = (3 − 𝑥)𝑥 => 𝑥 = 0,3

𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = [𝑦]4𝑥−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 4𝑥−𝑥 2
3 2

∫0 ∫𝑥 ∫0 𝑥
A=

3
= ∫0 (3𝑥 − 𝑥2)𝑑𝑥

− ]=
𝑥 33 9
[ 2
3𝑥 2
3 0 2
=
EXAMPLE :20

Find the area between the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and the line

𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3.

Solution:

Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3.

solving for 𝑥, 𝑥 2 = 2𝑥 + 3 => 𝑥 = −1,3

[𝑦]
3
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
2𝑥+3
2𝑥+ =
A=
3
∫−1 ∫𝑥 2 ∫−1
𝑥2

= ∫−1
(2𝑥 + 3 − 𝑥2)𝑑𝑥
3

2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3]
3
=[ 2 + 3𝑥 3 −1
=
32
3
PLANE AREA USING DOUBLE
INTEGRAL

POLAR FORM
EXAMPLE :21
Find the area bounded by the circle

𝑟 = 2 sin 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 4 sin 𝜃.

Solution: 𝜃 = 𝜋/2

𝜃= 𝜃 =
𝜋 0

𝜋 4 sin 𝜋 𝑟 2 4 sin 𝜃
𝜃
∫0 ∫2 sin 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = [ ] 𝑑𝜃
A=
2 2 sin
∫0 𝜃
𝜃
= 6 𝜋(sin 𝜃)2𝑑𝜃
∫0 𝜋
= 3 (1 − cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 2𝜃
∫0
2
sin
= 3[𝜃 −
𝜋
] = 3𝜋 .
0
EXAMPLE :22

Find the area enclosed by the leminiscate 𝑟2 = 𝑎2 cos 2𝜃 by

double integration.

Solution:

𝜋
If r = 0 then cos 2𝜃 = 0 implies 𝜃 =
4
.

√𝑎2 cos 2𝜃
A = 4 ∫4 ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜋

0 0

√𝑎2 cos 2𝜃
=4∫ [ ]
𝜋
𝑟
𝑑𝜃
2
4
0
2 0

= 4𝑎2
∫4 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
cos 2𝜃
0 2
𝜋 0
𝑎2 sin 2𝜃
=4[ ]4
4
= 𝑎2.
EXAMPLE :23

Find the area that lies inside the cardioids 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃) and
outside the circle 𝑟 = 𝑎, by double integration.

Solution:

Solving 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 𝑎

=> 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃) = 𝑎

=> cos 𝜃 = 0
𝜋
=> 𝜃 =
2
.
 𝜋
𝑎(1+cos 𝜋 𝑎(1+cos 𝜃 )
𝜃)
A=2∫ ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝜃
2
2
𝑟 2
[ ]
0 𝑎 0 2 𝑎
𝜋
= ∫0 [(𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃))2 − 𝑎2]𝑑𝜃
2

= 𝑎 ∫ [2 cos 𝜃 + (cos 𝜃)2]𝑑𝜃

𝜋
2 2
0
𝜋

= 2 ∫0
𝑎
[4 cos 𝜃 + 1 + cos 2𝜃] 𝑑𝜃
2
2

𝜋
2𝜃 [𝜃 + (𝜋 + 8) .
𝑎2 sin 𝑎2
= + 4 sin 𝜃]2 =
2 2 0 2
EXAMPLE :24

Find the common area to the circles 𝑟 = 𝑎 , 𝑟 = 2𝑎 cos 𝜃.

Solution:

Given 𝑟 = 𝑎 , 𝑟 = 2𝑎 cos 𝜃 , solving

 𝑎 = 2𝑎 cos 𝜃
1
 cos 𝜃 =
2
 θ=π/3

when 𝑟 = 0 => cos 𝜃 = 0 => 𝜃 = 𝜋/2

A=2 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

= 2 ∫𝜋3 ∫𝑎 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 + 2 ∫2𝑎∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
2 cos 𝜃

0 0 𝜋
0
3

𝜋 2 𝑎 𝜋 2 2 2𝑎 cos 𝜃
= 2 ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝜃 + 2�∫ [ ]
𝑟
0
3 𝑟
𝑑𝜃
2 0 2
3
�
0
𝜋
=𝑎 ∫
𝜋

+ 2𝑎2 ∫ (cos 𝜃)2𝑑𝜃

2 3 2
𝑑𝜃 0 3
�
�

= 𝑎2[𝜃]3 + 2𝑎2 [𝜃 +
sin 2 𝜃 2
]
𝜋

0 2 𝜋
3

= 𝑎2 + )− 2 √3
𝜋 (𝜋 − 2
2𝑎2 3𝑎
𝜋
2
3

𝑎2
=2𝜋 3

(
− √
3
)
2
 PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE

𝑥2 = 4𝑎𝑦 and 𝑦2 = 4𝑎𝑥.

1. Find by double integration, the area bounded by the parabolas

𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
16𝑎

3
Ans:

circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 9 and the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3.

2. Find by double integration, the smallest area bounded by the

9
4 (𝜋 − 2)𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
Ans:

𝑦2 = 𝑥 and the circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 2.

3. Find by double integration, the area common to the parabola

1
( + ) 𝑠𝑞 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
Ans: 𝜋
3
2

𝑟 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃 and outside the coordinate 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃).

4. Find by double integration, the area lying inside the circle
 ) 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
𝑎 (1
Ans: 𝜋
4
2 −
THE END