COLLEGE OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY

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Introduction to Computer Studies

College of Advanced Technology

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

1.1 What is a Computer?

A computer is an electronic device that:

● Accepts data as input

● Processes it using instructions (software)

● Produces output (information)

● Can store data and instructions for future use

Simple definition:

A computer is an electronic machine that takes input, processes it, and gives output.

1.2 Characteristics of a Computer

● Speed: Performs tasks very fast (billions of operations per second)

● Accuracy: Very precise; errors are usually due to user input

● Automation: Performs tasks automatically once programmed

● Storage: Can store large amounts of data

 ● Multitasking: Can handle multiple tasks at the same time

● Diligence: Never gets tired or bored

1.3 Evolution of Computers

Five Generations of Computers:

Generation Period Technology Used Features

1st 1940–1956 Vacuum tubes Very large, generated

heat

2nd 1956–1963 Transistors Smaller, faster

3rd 1964–1971 Integrated Circuits More reliable and

affordable

4th 1971–Present Microprocessors Personal computers

(PCs) appear

5th Present–Future Artificial Intelligence Smart devices (e.g.,

voice input)

1.4 Classification of Computers

By Size and Power:

1. Supercomputers – Very fast, used for scientific research

2. Mainframe computers – Large, used by organizations like banks

3. Minicomputers – Medium-sized, used in small businesses

4. Microcomputers – Personal computers like desktops and laptops

By Purpose:

● General-purpose computers – Used for many tasks (e.g., Word, Excel)

● Special-purpose computers – Built for a specific job (e.g., ATM)

1.5 Components of a Computer System

A computer system is made up of:

1. Hardware – Physical parts you can touch (e.g., monitor, CPU)

2. Software – Instructions/programs that tell the computer what to do

3. Users (Peopleware) – People who use computers

1.6 Importance of Computers in Daily Life

● Education – E-learning, research

● Business – Record-keeping, communication, marketing

● Healthcare – Storing patient records, diagnostics

● Banking – Online banking, ATMs

● Entertainment – Movies, games, music

● Communication – Emails, video calls, social media

1.7 Limitations of Computers

● Lack of intelligence (need human instructions)

● Cannot make decisions without programming

● No emotions or judgment

● Dependent on electricity

Summary

● A computer is an efficient and versatile machine used in nearly every field.

● Understanding basic concepts of computers helps in learning software packages more easily.

● This knowledge is essential for both personal and professional development in the digital world.
CHAPTER 2: BASIC COMPUTER HARDWARE

2.1 What is Computer Hardware?

Computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system — the parts you can see
and touch.

Examples:

● Monitor

● Keyboard

● Mouse

● Central Processing Unit (CPU)

2.2 Categories of Hardware Components

Computer hardware is grouped into four main categories:

1. Input Devices

2. Output Devices

3. Processing Unit

4. Storage Devices

2.3 Input Devices

Input devices are used to enter data and instructions into the computer.

Common Input Devices:

Device Function

Keyboard Typing letters, numbers, and commands

Mouse Selecting and clicking items on the screen

Scanner Converts physical documents into digital form

 Webcam Captures live video or images

Microphone Captures audio input

Touchpad Mouse alternative for laptops

Joystick/Gamepad Used for gaming input

2.4 Output Devices

Output devices allow the computer to communicate results to the user.

Common Output Devices:

Device Function

Monitor (Screen) Displays images, text, and video

Printer Produces physical (hard copy) documents

Speakers Output sound (music, alerts, etc.)

Headphones Personal audio output

Projector Displays screen content on a large surface

2.5 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

● The CPU is the “brain” of the computer.

● It processes all data and instructions.

● The CPU is located on the motherboard inside the system unit.

Main Parts of the CPU:

● Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Handles calculations and logical decisions.

● Control Unit (CU): Directs all operations and data flow.

● Registers: Temporary storage areas for processing.

2.6 Storage Devices

Storage devices store data and programs either temporarily or permanently.

Types of Storage:

Type Examples Use

Primary Storage RAM, ROM Temporary storage while

working

Secondary Storage Hard Drive, SSD, Flash Drive Long-term data storage

Removable Storage CD/DVD, Memory Card, Easy transfer and backup

External Drive

2.7 Peripheral Devices

Peripheral devices are external devices that are connected to the computer.

Examples:

● USB flash drives

● External hard drives

● Printers

● Scanners

● External keyboards and mice

2.8 Ports and Connectors

Ports are slots on the computer where you plug in external devices.

Common Ports:

Port Type Use

USB Port Connects flash drives, mouse, keyboards

HDMI Port Connects to monitors, projectors, TVs

Ethernet Port For internet via cable connection

Audio Jack For headphones or microphone

VGA Port Older monitors and projectors

2.9 Summary of Hardware Roles

Component Type Main Purpose

Input Devices To feed data into the computer

Output Devices To receive results from the computer

CPU To process data and control operations

Storage Devices To save data

Peripherals Support additional functionality

2.10 Practical Tips

● Always turn off the computer before connecting or removing hardware.

● Handle hardware with clean, dry hands to avoid damage.

● Use antivirus software to protect data on external storage devices.

CHAPTER 3: BASIC SOFTWARE CONCEPTS

3.1 What is Software?

Software is a set of instructions or programs that tell the computer what to do.
Unlike hardware, software cannot be touched – it exists as code and files.

In simple terms:
Software is what makes the computer work and perform useful tasks.

3.2 Types of Software

There are two main types of software:

A. System Software

This type of software controls the overall functioning of the computer.

Examples:

● Operating Systems (OS): Manages computer hardware and software.

○ E.g. Windows, Linux, macOS

● Utility Programs: Help in maintaining and optimizing the computer.

○ E.g. Antivirus, Disk Cleanup, File Compression tools

● Device Drivers: Enable communication between the OS and hardware.

B. Application Software

These are programs designed to help users perform specific tasks.

Examples:

● Word Processing: Microsoft Word

● Spreadsheets: Microsoft Excel

● Presentations: Microsoft PowerPoint

● Databases: Microsoft Access

 ● Internet Browsers: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox

● Email Clients: Outlook, Thunderbird

● Media Players: VLC, Windows Media Player

3.3 Differences Between System and Application Software

Feature System Software Application Software

Purpose Controls and manages the Helps perform specific tasks

computer

Runs on its own? Yes Requires system software

User interaction Limited High

Examples Windows, Linux, Device Word, Excel, Chrome

Drivers

3.4 Software Installation and Uninstallation

● Installation: The process of copying software to a computer so it can run.

● Uninstallation: The process of removing a program from the system.

Steps to Install Software:

1. Insert CD/flash disk or download software

2. Run the setup file (.exe)

3. Follow installation instructions (agree to license, choose folder, etc.)

4. Finish and launch the application

Note: Always install software from trusted sources to avoid viruses.

3.5 Freeware vs. Licensed Software vs. Open Source

Type Description Example

Freeware Free to use, but not modifiable Adobe Reader, VLC Player
 Licensed Software Paid, comes with a license Microsoft Office, Photoshop

Open Source Free and modifiable LibreOffice, Ubuntu

3.6 Importance of Software

● Enables communication between user and computer

● Allows users to perform useful tasks

● Manages and protects hardware

● Facilitates automation and improves efficiency

3.7 Software Updates and Maintenance

● Regular updates:

○ Fix bugs

○ Improve performance

○ Add new features

○ Patch security vulnerabilities

Tip: Keep your system and applications up to date for security and efficiency.

3.8 Summary

● Software is intangible but essential for any computer to function.

● There are two major types: System and Application software.

● Choosing and managing the right software helps you work efficiently and safely.
CHAPTER 4: THE OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

4.1 What is an Operating System?

An Operating System (OS) is the main software that controls the entire operation of a computer.

It acts as an interface between the user, hardware, and application software.

In simple terms: The operating system helps the user to interact with the computer and makes all other
programs work.

4.2 Functions of the Operating System

Function Description

User Interface Provides a way for users to interact with the

computer (e.g., desktop, icons)

File Management Helps in creating, saving, deleting, and organizing

files and folders

Memory Management Controls and allocates computer memory (RAM)

to different programs

Device Management Manages input/output devices like keyboard,

printer, mouse

Process Management Manages all programs (processes) running at the

same time

Security and Access Control Protects data and manages user permissions

System Performance Monitoring Monitors CPU usage, disk usage, etc.

4.3 Types of User Interfaces

1. Command Line Interface (CLI)

○ User types commands manually

○ Example: MS-DOS, Linux Terminal

○ Requires technical knowledge

2. Graphical User Interface (GUI)

 ○ User interacts using graphics like windows, icons, and menus

○ Example: Windows OS, macOS, Ubuntu

○ Easy for beginners to use

4.4 Common Examples of Operating Systems

OS Name Description

Windows Most common OS with user-friendly GUI

Linux Open-source, customizable, secure

macOS Designed for Apple computers

Android Used in mobile phones and tablets

iOS Operating system for Apple mobile devices

4.5 Booting Process

Booting is the process of starting or restarting a computer.

Types of Booting:

● Cold Booting – Starting a computer that is turned off

● Warm Booting – Restarting a computer that is already on (e.g., Ctrl + Alt + Del)

Steps in Booting:

1. Power is turned on

2. BIOS/UEFI performs hardware check (POST)

3. OS is loaded from storage to memory

4. User can begin using the computer

4.6 Desktop Features (Windows OS Example)
Element Description

Start Menu Provides access to programs and settings

Taskbar Shows open programs and system notifications

Icons Shortcuts to programs, files, or folders

Desktop Main screen area where items are arranged

File Explorer Used to browse and manage files and folders

Recycle Bin Stores deleted files temporarily

4.7 File and Folder Management

● File: A single document, video, audio, or program stored on the computer.

● Folder: A container used to organize multiple files.

Common Tasks:

● Creating, renaming, copying, cutting, pasting, deleting

● Sorting by date, type, or size

4.8 Importance of the Operating System

● Makes computer hardware usable

● Helps users run applications smoothly

● Enhances productivity

● Ensures data safety and system security

● Allows multitasking

4.9 Operating System Utilities

Utilities are small programs that help maintain and manage the system.
Examples:

● Disk Cleanup

● Task Manager

● Antivirus Tools

● Backup and Restore

● System Updates

4.10 Summary

● The OS is essential software that manages all computer activities.

● It allows interaction through GUI or CLI.

● Examples include Windows, Linux, macOS, Android.

● It handles files, memory, devices, and user operations.

● Proper knowledge of OS usage improves efficiency in computing tasks.

CHAPTER 5: APPLICATION SOFTWARE

5.1 What is Application Software?

Definition:
Application software refers to programs that are designed to perform specific tasks for users, such as
writing documents, browsing the internet, or editing photos.

5.2 Types of Application Software

1. General Purpose Software

Software that can be used for a variety of tasks.

Type Example Use

Word Processing MS Word, Google Docs Typing and formatting text

Spreadsheet MS Excel, Google Sheets Calculations, charts, budgets

Presentation Software MS PowerPoint, Google Slides Creating slideshows

Database Management MS Access, MySQL Storing and managing data

Web Browsers Chrome, Firefox, Safari Accessing the internet

Multimedia Software VLC, Windows Media Player Playing audio and video files

2. Specialized Software (Industry Specific)

Designed for specific professional tasks.

Industry Software Example Purpose

Accounting QuickBooks, Sage Financial management

Graphic Design Adobe Photoshop, Canva Editing and creating graphics

Architecture/Engineering AutoCAD, ArchiCAD Technical design and drawings

Education Moodle, Google Classroom E-learning platforms

Hospitality POS Systems, Hotelogix Hotel and restaurant

management

3. Custom Software
Software that is specifically developed for a particular company or task.

● Built to meet unique needs

● Example: A banking app created only for one bank

5.3 Installing and Uninstalling Application Software

● Installation: The process of setting up software so that it can run on a computer

Usually done using setup files or from app stores

● Uninstallation: Removing software that is no longer needed

5.4 Differences Between System Software and Application Software

Feature System Software Application Software

Function Runs the computer Helps user do tasks

Examples Windows, Linux, macOS MS Word, Excel, Chrome

Installation Comes pre-installed Installed by user

Runs on Computer startup Only when needed

5.5 Importance of Application Software

● Makes computers useful for real-world tasks

● Increases productivity (e.g., typing faster, automating math)

● Enhances creativity (e.g., graphic design tools)

● Helps in communication (e.g., emails, video conferencing)

5.6 How to Choose the Right Application Software

1. Purpose: What do you want to do? (e.g., write, calculate, edit images)
 2. Cost: Free vs paid software

3. Compatibility: Will it run on your OS (Windows, macOS, Linux)?

4. Ease of Use: Is it beginner friendly?

5. Support & Updates: Is it actively maintained?

5.7 Summary

● Application software helps users complete specific tasks like typing, browsing, or designing.

● It is installed separately from the operating system.

● Examples include MS Office, web browsers, photo editors, etc.

● There are general purpose, specialized, and custom-made applications.

CHAPTER 6: COMPUTER KEYBOARD AND MOUSE SKILLS

6.1 Introduction

Keyboard and mouse skills are essential for interacting effectively with a computer. Mastering these tools
helps users navigate, input data, and control the system efficiently.

Part A: The Computer Keyboard

6.2 Keyboard Layout Overview

Main Sections of a Keyboard:

Section Function

Alphanumeric Keys Typing letters (A-Z), numbers (0-9), and symbols

Function Keys F1 to F12 — perform specific functions depending

on software

Navigation Keys Arrow keys, Home, End, Page Up, Page Down

Modifier Keys Shift, Ctrl, Alt — used with other keys for
shortcuts

Control Keys Esc, Tab, Caps Lock, Enter, Backspace, Delete

Numeric Keypad A calculator-style area for entering numbers

quickly

6.3 Common Keyboard Functions

Key Function

Enter Executes a command or creates a new paragraph

Backspace Deletes character to the left of the cursor

Delete Deletes character to the right of the cursor

Tab Moves cursor forward in forms or documents

Shift Capitalizes letters or accesses upper symbols

Caps Lock Makes all letters uppercase (toggle)

Ctrl / Alt Used with other keys for commands (shortcuts)

Esc Cancels current task or exits menus

6.4 Essential Keyboard Shortcuts (Windows)

Shortcut Action

Ctrl + C Copy

Ctrl + V Paste

Ctrl + X Cut

Ctrl + Z Undo

Ctrl + Y Redo

Ctrl + S Save

Ctrl + P Print

Ctrl + A Select all

Ctrl + F Find (in document or browser)

Alt + Tab Switch between open applications

Windows + D Show Desktop

Ctrl + Alt + Del Open Task Manager or security menu

6.5 Typing Skills & Best Practices

● Use all fingers using the touch-typing method

● Maintain proper posture (sit upright, wrists slightly raised)

● Keep eyes on the screen, not the keyboard

● Practice regularly using free tools like TypingClub, Keybr, or Ratatype

 Part B: The Computer Mouse

6.6 Mouse Components

Mouse Part Function

Left Click Selects or opens an item

Right Click Opens shortcut/context menu

Double Click Opens files/folders

Scroll Wheel Moves up and down on a page

Drag and Drop Used to move files, text, or windows

6.7 Basic Mouse Skills

Skill Description

Pointing Move cursor over item

Clicking Press and release left/right button

Double-Clicking Two quick left-clicks to open something

Right-Clicking Access quick menu

Dragging Hold down left button and move the mouse

Scrolling Use wheel to scroll pages or zoom

6.8 Mouse Settings & Tips

● You can adjust mouse speed, pointer size, or enable mouse trails in system settings

● Use Mouse Keys (in accessibility settings) to control the pointer using the numeric keypad

● Wireless mice use Bluetooth or USB dongles; optical mice use light sensors
 Part C: Keyboard vs. Mouse – When to Use
Task Best Tool

Typing a document Keyboard

Navigating menus/icons Mouse

Copy-pasting Keyboard shortcut

Drawing or dragging files Mouse

Searching text Keyboard shortcut

Illustration Suggestion: Side-by-side icon comparison or a user sitting at a desk with keyboard and
mouse labeled

6.9 Summary

● Keyboard and mouse are the primary input tools used in most computer systems.

● Knowing keyboard shortcuts boosts productivity.

● Practicing proper typing and mouse handling improves efficiency and reduces physical strain.
CHAPTER 7: INTRODUCTION TO COMMON COMPUTER PACKAGES

7.1 What are Computer Packages?

Computer packages are software applications designed to help users perform specific tasks on a
computer. These packages range from office productivity tools to graphic design, accounting, data
analysis, and communication software.

Purpose: To simplify work, increase productivity, and automate tasks.

7.2 Categories of Common Computer Packages

Category Examples Use Case

Office Suite MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint Word processing, data analysis,

presentations

Graphics Software CorelDRAW, Adobe Photoshop Drawing, image editing, design

Accounting Software QuickBooks, Sage, Tally Financial record keeping,

invoicing, payroll

Database Software MS Access, MySQL, Oracle Storing and managing large sets
of structured data

Email Clients MS Outlook, Mozilla Sending, receiving, and

Thunderbird organizing email

Web Browsers Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Edge Accessing the internet, browsing
web pages

Multimedia Players VLC, Windows Media Player Playing video and audio files

7.3 Microsoft Office Suite (Most Common Package)

Microsoft Office is the most widely used office software suite in education, business, and
government.

A. Microsoft Word (Word Processor)

● Used for creating text documents

● Features: Typing, formatting, inserting images, tables

 ● Example documents: CVs, letters, reports

B. Microsoft Excel (Spreadsheet Software)

● Used for data analysis and calculation

● Features: Formulas, charts, tables, graphs

● Example documents: Budgets, payroll, data records

C. Microsoft PowerPoint (Presentation Software)

● Used to create slideshow presentations

● Features: Slides, animations, transitions, speaker notes

● Example uses: Business meetings, teaching, project proposals

D. Microsoft Access (Database Software)

● Used to build and manage databases

● Features: Tables, queries, forms, reports

E. Microsoft Outlook (Email Client)

● Used for managing emails, calendars, tasks, and contacts

7.4 Importance of Computer Packages

● Improves efficiency in completing tasks

● Supports learning and creativity (e.g., presentation tools, design tools)

● Helps in professional documentation and communication

● Essential for employability in modern workplaces

7.5 Open-Source Alternatives to Microsoft Office
Microsoft Office Tool Open-Source Equivalent Description

MS Word LibreOffice Writer Free word processor

MS Excel LibreOffice Calc Free spreadsheet tool

MS PowerPoint LibreOffice Impress Free presentation tool

MS Access Base (LibreOffice) Basic database management

7.6 Factors to Consider When Choosing a Software Package

● Purpose – What do you need it for?

● Cost – Is it free or paid?

● Features – Does it support your required tasks?

● Compatibility – Can it work on your system or with others' files?

● Security – Is it safe and regularly updated?

7.7 Summary

● Computer packages simplify digital tasks and are essential in various fields.

● MS Office Suite is a leading example with tools like Word, Excel, and PowerPoint.

● There are also free, open-source alternatives like LibreOffice.

● Understanding and choosing the right software depends on task requirements and system
compatibility.
 CHAPTER 8: COMPUTER SAFETY, ETHICS, AND MAINTENANCE

8.1 Introduction

As computers become more integrated into our daily lives, it's important to use them safely, ethically,
and responsibly. This chapter covers how to protect your computer, use it in a moral and legal way, and
ensure it lasts long through proper care and maintenance.

SECTION A: Computer Safety

8.2 What is Computer Safety?

Computer safety refers to protecting computer hardware, software, and data from harm, theft, and
misuse.

8.3 Common Safety Measures

Safety Measure Description

Antivirus Software Detects and removes malicious programs like

viruses

Firewalls Prevent unauthorized access to or from a private

network

Password Protection Prevents unauthorized access to files or systems

Regular Updates Keeps software and systems secure with the latest
patches
 Backup Saves copies of data to avoid data loss

Surge Protectors Protect computer from electrical damage during

power surges

SECTION B: Computer Ethics

8.4 What are Computer Ethics?

Computer ethics refer to the principles and moral behavior expected when using computers and the
internet.

8.5 Key Ethical Issues in Computing

Ethical Concern Explanation

Plagiarism Copying others’ work or content without

permission

Hacking Unauthorized access to computer systems

Piracy Illegal copying of software, music, videos, etc.

Cyberbullying Harassing or threatening others online

Privacy Violation Accessing or sharing someone’s personal

information

Digital Footprint Everything a user does online is recorded and

traceable
8.6 Good Ethical Practices

● Respect others’ data and content

● Use legal software and licensed programs

● Keep your passwords confidential

● Don’t spread false information or harmful content

● Report suspicious or harmful online behavior

Tip: Think before you click or share!

SECTION C: Computer Maintenance

8.7 What is Computer Maintenance?

Computer maintenance involves taking care of both hardware and software to ensure a computer works
properly and lasts longer.

8.8 Types of Maintenance

1. Preventive Maintenance

● Cleaning the computer regularly

● Using protective gear like dust covers

● Installing antivirus software

● Defragmenting hard drives (on older systems)

2. Corrective Maintenance

● Repairing hardware failures

● Reinstalling software after crashes

● Removing malware or corrupted files

3. Predictive Maintenance

● Monitoring system health to detect issues early

● Replacing worn-out parts before they fail

8.9 Basic Maintenance Tips

Maintenance Task Description

Keep the computer clean Dust keyboard, screen, vents regularly

Shut down properly Avoid switching off directly from power button

Avoid food & drink Prevents accidental spills

Install updates Keeps system optimized and secure

Use original software Reduces crashes, improves performance

Store safely Keep devices in a cool, dry, and secure

environment
 8.10 Summary
● Computer safety protects hardware and data from damage and unauthorized access.

● Ethics in computing ensure responsible use of technology.

● Maintenance helps in keeping systems working efficiently and extending their lifespan.

● Always back up data, respect others online, and keep your system clean and updated.