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Finite State Machines Notes

The document outlines the essential steps for designing finite state machines (FSM), including creating state diagrams and tables, state reduction, and implementing Mealy and Moore machine representations. It also discusses the implementation of sequence detectors and generators using shift registers, highlighting their applications in various digital systems and communication protocols. FSMs are utilized in a range of fields, from embedded systems to game logic and hardware control.

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4 views2 pages

Finite State Machines Notes

The document outlines the essential steps for designing finite state machines (FSM), including creating state diagrams and tables, state reduction, and implementing Mealy and Moore machine representations. It also discusses the implementation of sequence detectors and generators using shift registers, highlighting their applications in various digital systems and communication protocols. FSMs are utilized in a range of fields, from embedded systems to game logic and hardware control.

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Finite State Machines and Design Topics

Basic Design Steps


Designing a sequential circuit involves several crucial steps:

1. **State Diagram**: A graphical representation showing all possible states and


transitions based on inputs.

2. **State Table**: A tabular form listing present states, inputs, next states, and
outputs.

3. **State Reduction**: Eliminating redundant states that do not affect the external
behavior of the FSM.

4. **State Assignment**: Assigning binary codes to the states to facilitate hardware


implementation.

5. **Mealy and Moore Machine Representation**:

- **Mealy Machine**: Outputs depend on the current state and inputs.

- **Moore Machine**: Outputs depend only on the current state.

6. **Implementation**: Designing the logic circuit using flip-flops and logic gates
based on the reduced and assigned state table.

Finite State Machine Implementation


FSM implementation involves choosing appropriate flip-flops (typically D or JK),
deriving excitation and output equations, and drawing the logic circuit. The process
involves:

- Determining the number of flip-flops needed based on the number of states.

- Deriving the flip-flop input equations from the state transition logic.

- Designing the combinational logic for outputs (in case of Mealy, includes inputs
too).

- Drawing the final circuit diagram.

Sequence Detector
A sequence detector is a type of FSM designed to detect a specific binary sequence in
a stream of bits.
- **Example**: Detecting sequence "1011".

- **Design**:

1. Draw the state diagram representing transitions upon detecting bits of the
sequence.

2. Create a state table.

3. Reduce and assign states.

4. Implement using flip-flops and logic gates.

- **Output**: Usually 1 when the sequence is detected; 0 otherwise.

Sequence Generator Using Shift Register


A sequence generator using a shift register uses feedback and clocked shifting to
produce desired binary sequences.

- **Structure**: Consists of flip-flops arranged in series and feedback paths from


specific flip-flops through XOR/XNOR gates.

- **Types**:

- **Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR)**: Common for pseudo-random sequence


generation.

- **Ring Counter**: Cycles through a set pattern.

- **Applications**: Cryptography, data scrambling, digital counters.

Applications of FSM
Finite State Machines are widely used in:

1. **Digital system control** (e.g., traffic lights, vending machines).

2. **Communication protocols** (e.g., UART, SPI, I2C state management).

3. **Embedded systems** (e.g., keypads, microwave ovens).

4. **Pattern detection** (e.g., sequence detectors in data streams).

5. **Game logic and AI behaviors** in video games.

6. **Hardware controllers** (e.g., control units in CPUs).

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