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1 To 8 Dbms

The document discusses various indexing techniques in databases, including primary and secondary indexing, as well as hashing methods. It highlights the importance of data structure for efficient data retrieval and the role of transactions in maintaining database integrity. Additionally, it covers concepts like atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability (ACID properties) essential for reliable database operations.

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jaswanth.revuru
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© © All Rights Reserved
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
3 views14 pages

1 To 8 Dbms

The document discusses various indexing techniques in databases, including primary and secondary indexing, as well as hashing methods. It highlights the importance of data structure for efficient data retrieval and the role of transactions in maintaining database integrity. Additionally, it covers concepts like atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability (ACID properties) essential for reliable database operations.

Uploaded by

jaswanth.revuru
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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to
e e ic i e n t y

ei
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n
neet
ti e v e

wh i c h
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chnique
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dB
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trancactfo)
During
datallase
tansattion Completes Sucesspolty Cis Committed), the
when the
must be oncigtent:
to the database
has made
¢hanges t, has
a tansaction Commits, the
Apter )
System failuves
be there, even te thexe e

pcrlel (
tonsacti0nS arN eLectt in
utiple '9

Two Haim isves to deol


ivawious Soch 9s, hoduae aines & Sstm Cas hey
failune of kinds
ttansacionS-
COndvent eLecwtion op Multiple
and duabitrty
Atomicity
mentaion of duali t .
dovabilty.
mple atomicitty Ond
and
Supparts atomicity
Cbmponert
manaqmet
Recovey-

Shadow-databose Scheme

one tan lacti6o 919 ackt


acveve a a time.
ata time
aRS rae
that onl
a e n t Consisttnt
points
poirts to the
called db.potte alusas
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)
Copy of
the dlb
db-
a l l Updates made on a 8hadod copy oe the data baseand
Pointer is made to poirt to the updated shadow Copuonly gter t h e
an taction ieaches pattial Comnmrg
to b
oid Consi st ent Cp Foioted
in Case transaetion fails
deleted.
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db-poimth an be used, and the Shado copy

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old Copy o g i
me
7
CoPy
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database
apter update
a Bepor Update 9
9

ASSUmes disk do not fail:


databases
databases
mepeitient for lose
for
etemely

handle Con Gvent transa etfons


p o e s not
Acid poptrties
must engive /hb
preserve the integirtu a data the dB syst em
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neletedy
nepleted
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tyan saetioqL aie pioper
pioper
all opeYations oe the an
AHomicity ethe
'm the datakase o
none ase
Consistenty bf the db
pYeseuey the Consisteny bf the db
tansachon peselves
bnsistenCA: ELecution Of a
eLeute
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onurvertly, each
éach
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ttansa (tjons may
T8olatiovl:

sactiol mugt be unauware, of othef ConHertiy


an
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SUCCescelly, the dhanges
Completes
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dotabase peSiSt even e there ne
made to the
made
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(
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E THansactlon SORS foM
an&pe
Yead ()

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3viteln)

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S B: B+S0

Cwite(s)
daa We have 9 opevcdtions
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database
to local
om
S the data item x
Tead) THansfe

bupge
fom oal bupfer of
the data tem xX
Tanpers
wite back to
the
wite(x): eLeated hen
the twan
sa ction that

database
3 & befove
tiansachion
ails agter Step
atomicity eqyianmerd: net epledt
shouid e g u e the Updates should
Step 6*e System
m the db
A Ond B unchanged by the
the Sun 0
Cbnsisteny Sneayiment

the tansadion
ecution o0
transaction i3
n blud slep 3 & 6, aTlothe
solation Aequiment 1nconisiedt
will e an
database , it
acess the partially Updated
alloed Ao
Sum 0g A*B ill be less 4than 't)
db the
tNansackions Serially.
Conbe ensdved tyiiall u byunna
TeolahonS

Other.
that 18 One agter the

transfer D
coRs tokes plae the
equibemert. Once
DUabiiy
Du
to the db by the tansackio9 Mut peisist olespite fi lues
e S
Aotes
Schedule5
Conoogical
Gider
mstruttions that Specify he
a Seqyente o cieuted
Ciecuted
ransactions ae
ContuNet
nstructio nS
which
all
tansactioos
Congist
must Consist a l
a l
a fot
Schedsle a Set oe
those tansacttions
nstvuci ons 6
istruckions appean inn each
ac
1 which
Must piesewe the o<dee

ndividuel tiansacdhon
a-tansaction that Sutessfilly Comple-te 'ts eeutim kill have
last etemert
Comitinstueti ons o

eveutil
tansaction that falsto Successly Complete ts
S as lagt lement
abot ingttuctión
will hase an

the bala1
Schedule1
and 7 Yansfer lo1 0
B,
S6RS Pom Ato
tnspe
Let T
A t o B.
o M fotlouwed by
T2:
s
schedde în uhich Ti
A Sevial

T
ead(A)

AS A-S0

uitekA)

eadCB)
B: B+SO

wite (B)
eadCA)
temp A +0-

A A-temp
writeCA)

Tead (3)

8: B+emP

wit e(B)

9chedake
schedule3_
p«esete the
valoe o CA +B)
Te ocuWnt Schedole doesnot
Schedue

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