THE INTERNET

BY: ENGR. MAK

 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET
In the present age of information Technology,
use of Internet is becoming quite popular for
accessing information on any topic of your
interest. It also provides tremendous
opportunities to students, researchers and
professionals for getting information on
matters related to academic and professional
topics and lot more.
 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET

In the present world, most of the

people who have computers around
themselves use Internet to access
information from the World Wide
Web, exchange messages &
documents and e-services.
 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET

The Internet is a global system of

interconnected computer networks
that use the standard Internet
protocol suite (TCP/ IP) to serve
billions of users worldwide.
 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET

It is a network of networks that consists of

millions of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks, of
local to global scope, that are linked by a
broad array of electronic, wireless and
optical networking technologies.
 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET

The Internet carries a vast range of

information resources and services, such
as the interlinked hypertext documents of
the World Wide Web (WWW) and the
infrastructure to support electronic mail.
 Uses of Internet

Internet has been the most useful

technology of the modern times which
helps us not only in our daily lives, but
also our personal and professional lives
developments. The internet helps us
achieve this in several different ways.
 Uses of Internet

Internet has been the most useful

technology of the modern times which
helps us not only in our daily lives, but
also our personal and professional lives
developments. The internet helps us
achieve this in several different ways.
 Uses of Internet

For the students and educational

purposes, the internet is widely used to
gather information to do the research or
add to the knowledge of various subjects.
 Uses of Internet

Even the business professionals and

the professionals like doctors,
access the internet to filter the
necessary information for their use.
 Uses of Internet

The internet is therefore the largest

encyclopedia for everyone, in all age
categories. The internet has served to
be more useful in maintaining
contacts with friends and relatives
who live abroad permanently.
 Advantages of the Internet
E-mail:
Email is now an
essential communication
tools in business. With e-
mail you can send and
receive instant electronic
messages, which works
like writing letters.
 Advantages of the Internet
Your messages are delivered
instantly to people anywhere
in the world, unlike
traditional mail that takes a
lot of time. Email is free, fast
and very cheap when
compared to telephone, fax
and postal services.
 Advantages of the Internet

24 hours a day - 7
days a week:
Internet is available,
24x7 days for usage.
 Advantages of the Internet
Information:
Information is probably the
biggest advantage internet is
offering. There is a huge
amount of information
available on the internet for
just about every subject
 Advantages of the Internet
Ranging from
government law and
services, trade fairs and
conferences, market
information, new ideas
and technical support.
 Advantages of the Internet
You can almost find any
type of data on almost
any kind of subject that
you are looking for by
using search engines
like google, yahoo, msn,
etc.
 Advantages of the Internet
Online Chat:
You can access many
‘chat rooms’ on the web
that can be used to meet
new people, make new
friends, as well as to stay
in touch with old friends.
You can chat in MSN and
yahoo websites.
 Advantages of the Internet
Services:
Many services are provided
on the internet like net
banking, job searching,
purchasing tickets, hotel
reservations, guidance
services on array of topics
engulfing every aspect of life.
 Advantages of the Internet

Communities:
Communities of all types have sprung up on
the internet. It's a great way to meet up with
people of similar interest and discuss
common issues.
 Advantages of the Internet
E-commerce:
Along with getting information on
the Internet, you can also shop
online. There are many online
stores and sites that can be used
to look for products as well as
buy them using your credit card.
 Advantages of the Internet
You do not need to leave your
house and can do all your
shopping from the
convenience of your home. It
has got a real amazing and
wide range of products from
household needs, electronics
to entertainment.
 Advantages of the Internet
Entertainment:
Internet provides facility to
access wide range of
Audio/Video songs, plays
films. Many of which can be
downloaded. One such
popular website is YouTube.
 Advantages of the Internet
Software Downloads:
You can freely download
innumerable, softwares like
utilities, games, music,
videos, movies, etc from the
Internet.
 Limitations of Internet
Theft of Personal
information:
Electronic messages sent over
the Internet can be easily
snooped and tracked,
revealing who is talking to
whom and what they are
talking about.
 Limitations of Internet
If you use the Internet, your
personal information such
as your name, address,
credit card, bank details
and other information can
be accessed by
unauthorized persons.
 Limitations of Internet
Internet addiction:
There is some controversy
over whether it is possible to
be addicted to the Internet or
not. Some researchers, claim
that it is simply people trying
to escape their problems in an
online world.
 Limitations of Internet
Virus threat: Today, not
only are humans getting
viruses, but computers are
also. Computers are mainly
getting these viruses from
the Internet.
 Limitations of Internet
Virus is a program which
disrupts the normal
functioning of your computer
systems. Computers attached
to internet are more prone to
virus attacks and they can end
up into crashing your whole
hard disk.
 Types of Internet Connection
• Dial up Connection
• Leased Connection
• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
• Cable Internet
• Satellite Internet
• Mobile Broadband
• Fiber-Optic Internet
Dial up connection
Dial-up refers to an Internet
connection that is
established using a modem.
The modem connects the
computer to standard phone
lines, which serve as the
data transfer medium.
When a user initiates a
dial-up connection, the
modem dials a phone
number of an Internet
Service Provider (ISP)
that is designated to
receive dial-up calls.
The ISP then establishes
the connection,
which usually takes
about ten seconds and
is accompanied by
several beepings and a
buzzing sound.
After the dial-up
connection has been
established, it is active
until the user disconnects
from the ISP. Typically, this
is done by selecting the
“Disconnect” option using
the ISP’s software or a
modem utility program.
However, if a dial-up
connection is
interrupted by an
incoming phone call or
someone picking up a
phone in the house, the
service may also be
disconnected.
Advantages
• Low Price

• Secure connection – your IP address

continually changes

• Offered in rural areas – you need a

phone line
Disadvantages
• Slow speed

• Phone line is required

• Busy signals for friends and family

members.
Leased Connection
Leased connection is a
permanent telephone
connection between two
points set up by a
telecommunication's
common carrier.
Typically, leased lines are
used by businesses to
connect geographically
distant offices. Unlike
normal dial-up
connections, a leased
line is always active.
Because the
connection doesn’t
carry anybody else’s
communications, the
carrier can assure a
given level of quality.
Advantage
• Secure and private: dedicated exclusively to
the customer
• Speed: symmetrical and direct
• Reliable: minimum down time
• Wide choice of speeds: bandwidth on
demand, easily upgradeable
• Leased lines are suitable for in-house office
web hosting
Disadvantage
High Cost
• Leased lines are significantly more expensive than standard
broadband connections due to the dedicated nature of the
service.
• Installation and maintenance costs can also be high,
especially for long distances.
Limited Availability
• Not available in all areas, especially rural or remote
locations.
Long Setup Time
• Installation can take weeks or even months, depending on
the complexity and location.
 Digital Subscriber Line
(DSL) is a family of
technologies that provides
internet access by transmitting
digital data over the copper
telephone lines already
installed in homes and
businesses. Unlike dial-up,
DSL allows for simultaneous
voice and data transmission.
Advantages of DSL

1.Widely Available
Uses existing telephone infrastructure, making it accessible in many areas.
2.Always-On Connection
No need to dial in; the internet is always connected.
3.Simultaneous Voice and Data
You can use the phone and internet at the same time.
4.Dedicated Line
Unlike cable internet, DSL provides a dedicated line to each user, so speeds
are not affected by neighbors.
5.Affordable
Generally cheaper than fiber or leased lines, especially for home users.
Disadvantages of DSL

1.Distance Sensitivity
Performance degrades the farther you are from the telephone exchange.
2.Lower Speeds
Slower than cable or fiber-optic internet, especially for upload speeds.
3.Limited Bandwidth
Not ideal for high-bandwidth activities like HD streaming or large file uploads.
4.Interference
Susceptible to signal degradation from electrical interference or poor-quality wiring.
5.Not Scalable
Difficult to upgrade for higher speeds without switching to a different technology.
Cable Internet is a
broadband internet
connection that uses the
same coaxial cable network
as cable television. It
connects to your home
through a cable modem
and provides high-speed
internet access. It is widely
used in urban and
suburban areas.
Advantages of Cable Internet

1.High Speeds
Offers fast download speeds, often ranging from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps.
2.Widely Available
Common in cities and towns where cable TV infrastructure exists.
3.No Phone Line Required
Unlike DSL, it doesn’t rely on telephone lines.
4.Bundling Options
Often available as part of a bundle with TV and phone services, which
can reduce costs.
5.Always-On Connection
No need to dial in; the connection is always active.
Disadvantages of Cable Internet

1.Shared Bandwidth
Speeds can slow down during peak usage times because bandwidth is
shared with neighbors.
2.Higher Latency
Not ideal for real-time applications like online gaming compared to
fiber.
3.Limited Upload Speeds
Upload speeds are usually much lower than download speeds.
4.Potential for Congestion
Performance may vary depending on the number of users in your area.
5.Price Variability
Can be more expensive than DSL, especially without bundling.
Satellite Internet provides
internet access by transmitting
data between a satellite in
Earth’s orbit and a satellite
dish installed at the user’s
location. It’s commonly used
in rural or remote
areas where other types of
internet (like DSL or cable) are
unavailable.
There are two main types:
•Geostationary
satellites (e.g., HughesNet,
Viasat): Higher latency due to
long distance (about 35,786
km above Earth).
•Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
satellites (e.g., Starlink): Lower
latency and faster speeds due
to closer proximity (around
550 km).
Advantages of Satellite Internet

1.Wide Coverage
Available almost anywhere on Earth, including remote and rural areas.
2.No Need for Ground Infrastructure
Doesn’t rely on cables or phone lines, making it ideal for areas with
poor infrastructure.
3.Quick Deployment
Can be set up relatively quickly compared to laying cables for DSL or
fiber.
4.Improving Technology
LEO satellite networks like Starlink are reducing latency and increasing
speeds.
Disadvantages of Satellite Internet

1.High Latency
Especially with geostationary satellites, which can cause delays in real-time
applications like gaming or video calls.
2.Weather Sensitivity
Performance can be affected by rain, snow, or heavy cloud cover (known as “rain
fade”).
3.Data Caps
Many providers impose monthly data limits, which can restrict heavy usage.
4.Expensive
Equipment and monthly service fees can be higher than other types of internet.
5.Installation Requirements
Requires a clear line of sight to the sky and professional installation of a satellite
dish.
Mobile broadband provides
internet access through
cellular networks using
technologies like 3G, 4G LTE,
and 5G. It works via SIM cards
in mobile devices, USB
dongles, portable Wi-Fi
hotspots, or built-in modems
in laptops and tablets.
•3G: Older generation, slower
speeds (up to a few Mbps).
•4G LTE: Widely used, offers
speeds up to 100 Mbps or
more.
•5G: Latest generation, capable
of speeds over 1 Gbps with
ultra-low latency.
Advantages of Mobile Broadband

1.Portability
Internet access on the go—ideal for travelers, remote workers, and mobile
devices.
2.Quick Setup
No need for cables or installation—just insert a SIM card or turn on a hotspot.
3.Wide Coverage
Available in most populated areas, especially with 4G networks.
4.Scalable Speeds
5G offers extremely fast speeds and low latency for advanced applications.
5.Flexible Plans
Prepaid and postpaid options available to suit different needs and budgets.
Disadvantages of Mobile Broadband

1.Data Caps
Many plans have limited data allowances or throttle speeds after a certain usage.
2.Variable Speeds
Performance depends on signal strength, network congestion, and location.
3.Higher Latency (3G/4G)
Not ideal for real-time applications like gaming or video conferencing on older
networks.
4.Battery Drain
Using mobile broadband on phones or hotspots can quickly drain battery life.
5.Coverage Gaps
Rural or mountainous areas may have weak or no signal, especially for 5G.
Fiber-optic internet uses
strands of glass or plastic
fibers to transmit data as
pulses of light. This allows
for extremely fast and
reliable internet connections,
far superior to traditional
copper-based technologies
like DSL or cable.
Advantages of Fiber-Optic Internet

1.Ultra-Fast Speeds
Download and upload speeds can exceed 1 Gbps, with some providers offering up
to 10 Gbps.
2.Low Latency
Ideal for gaming, video conferencing, and real-time applications.
3.High Reliability
Less affected by weather, electrical interference, or distance.
4.Symmetrical Speeds
Equal upload and download speeds, which is great for cloud storage, video uploads,
and remote work.
5.Future-Proof
Can support increasing bandwidth demands for years to come.
Disadvantages of Fiber-Optic Internet

1.Limited Availability
Not yet available in many rural or remote areas.
2.Higher Installation Costs
Infrastructure is expensive to deploy, especially in less populated
areas.
3.Longer Setup Time
Installation may take longer if new lines need to be laid.
4.Higher Monthly Cost (in some areas)
Can be more expensive than DSL or cable, depending on the
provider and location.
Fiber-optic internet uses
strands of glass or plastic
fibers to transmit data as
pulses of light. This allows
for extremely fast and
reliable internet connections,
far superior to traditional
copper-based technologies
like DSL or cable.
HOW INTERNET WORKS?
CORE COMPONENTS
IP Address
An IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a unique number
assigned to every device connected to the Internet. It acts like
a digital street address so that data knows where to go.

Every device (PC, phone, printer) has an IP address.

Think of sending a letter: you need the recipient's address.

Similarly, the Internet needs IP addresses to deliver data
correctly.
CORE COMPONENTS
Two Types of IP addresses:

•IPv4 – Example: 192.168.1.1

•32-bit address, around 4.3 billion possible combinations.
•Running out of space.

•IPv6 – Example: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

•128-bit address, solving the IP shortage.
•Used more and more today alongside IPv4.
CORE COMPONENTS
Domain Name System (DNS)
DNS is like the phonebook of the Internet — it translates
domain names (like www.google.com) into IP addresses
(like 142.250.190.78).

•Humans remember names. Computers need numbers (IP).

•When you type a website address, DNS finds the correct IP to

connect you to the correct server.
DNS Process Flow:
1.You type www.youtube.com

2.Your computer asks a DNS server: “What’s

the IP of this site?”

3.DNS replies: "Here it is: 172.217.0.142“

4.Now your browser connects to that IP.

CORE COMPONENTS
Routers and Switches
These are network traffic managers. They guide data from
your device to its destination — like traffic officers directing
cars.

Switches: Work inside a network (e.g., in your house or

office). They connect multiple devices locally.

Routers: Connect different networks and decide the best

path for data to travel from one device to another.
CORE COMPONENTS
Analogy:
Switch = Local roads
Router = Highway system

What happens if one road is blocked? Can

data still travel?
CORE COMPONENTS

Yes! The router will find

another path — this is called
routing.
CORE COMPONENTS
Internet Service Provider (ISP) & Backbone
Providers

ISPs are companies that give you access to the Internet.

Backbone providers are large networks that carry
Internet traffic across countries and continents.
CORE COMPONENTS
•Your home connects to an ISP (e.g., PLDT, Globe).

•These ISPs connect to regional ISPs or Internet

backbones — huge high-speed networks (undersea
cables, fiber optics) that form the “skeleton” of the
Internet.

•ISPs buy bandwidth from backbone providers.

INTERNET SAFETY AND ETHICS
What do you usually do online? Have you
ever encountered something suspicious
or harmful?
Internet safety
It refers to the practice of
protecting your personal
information, identity, and devices
while using the Internet. It includes
being cautious about the websites
you visit, the information you share,
and the people you interact with
online in order to avoid threats like
scams, viruses, and cyberbullying.
Common Online Threats
Malware & Viruses
•Malware: Malicious software
that can harm your device or
steal data.
•Viruses: Programs that spread
and corrupt files or slow down
systems.
Common Online Threats
Phishing

•Fake emails, texts, or websites

that try to trick you into giving
away personal info (like
passwords or bank details).
Common Online Threats

Online Scams

"Too good to be true" offers,

fake giveaways, or job scams
asking for money upfront.
Common Online Threats
Fake Websites & Social Media
Fraud

Look-alike sites or
impersonated accounts used to
trick users into revealing info or
sending money.
Protecting Personal Information
Use Strong Passwords

At least 12 characters, with

letters, numbers, and
symbols

Avoid using personal info like

birthdays or names
Protecting Personal Information
Enable Multi-Factor
Authentication (MFA)

Adds a second layer of

protection (e.g., a text message
or app code)
Protecting Personal Information

Don’t Overshare
Avoid posting:
• Full name
• Address
• School/workplace details
• Personal schedules
Protecting Personal Information
Recognize Suspicious Emails/Links
Look for:
•Poor grammar
•Urgent tone
•Unknown senders
•Strange URLs (e.g.,
www.faceb00k-login.com)
Protecting Personal Information
Recognize Suspicious Emails/Links
Look for:
•Poor grammar
•Urgent tone
•Unknown senders
•Strange URLs (e.g.,
www.faceb00k-login.com)
Safe Browsing Tips
Use HTTPS Websites

S = Secure (your data is

encrypted)

Check for the padlock icon in

the browser address bar
Safe Browsing Tips

Update Software Regularly

Operating systems, browsers,

apps — updates fix security
holes
Safe Browsing Tips
Install Antivirus & Use
Firewalls
Protects against malware,
suspicious files, and untrusted
apps

A firewall acts like a security

guard that filters Internet traffic
Subject: URGENT! Account Suspended

Dear Customer,

We have detected unusual activity in your account. Please

verify your account immediately by clicking the link below.
http://secure-yourbank-account-login.com
Failure to do so will result in permanent suspension.

Thank you,
YourBank Security Team
Subject: Your Monthly Bank Statement is Ready

Dear Client,

Your bank statement for June 2025 is now available. Please log
in to your account through our official website to view it.
www.yourbank.com
Thank you for banking with us.
Internet/Digital ethics
It is the set of moral principles
and responsible behaviors that
guide how people interact
online. It involves being
respectful to others, avoiding
harmful actions like plagiarism
and cyberbullying, and using
technology in a fair, honest, and
legal way.
What is Digital Citizenship?
Digital citizenship is the responsible and
ethical use of technology by anyone who
uses computers, the Internet, or digital
devices.

Core Values:
•Think before you post
•Be kind and respectful
•Protect your privacy and others’
•Use information legally and responsibly
Respecting Others Online
Examples of respectful behavior:

•Using kind and professional

language
•Giving credit for others' work (e.g.,
photos, posts)
•Not sharing or posting without
permission
Respecting Others Online
Avoiding Cyberbullying & Trolling:

Cyberbullying: Hurting others using

digital platforms (insults, threats,
rumors)

Trolling: Deliberately starting

arguments or provoking others
online for fun
Ethical Online Behavior
Key Rules:
•No Plagiarism – Do not copy
someone’s work and claim it as your
own
•Respect Copyrights – Don’t use
music, images, or videos without
permission
•Fair Use: You can use some materials
for educational purposes — but still
give credit
Proper Use of Technology

Do:
•Use tech for learning, creating,
communicating
•Report harmful content or
suspicious behavior
•Respect rules in online platforms
(Zoom class, LMS, etc.)
Proper Use of Technology

Don’t:
•Cheat using search engines, AI, or
chat groups
•Download pirated software,
movies, or games
•Share inappropriate content