Computer Networking(CN)

Faculty: Dr. Asif Uddin khan

Dept of CSE
SIT Bhubaneswar

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McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
 Syllabus

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 Text Books:

 1. Data Communications and Networking:

Behrouz A. Forouzan, Tata McGraw-Hill,
4th Ed
3. Computer Networks: A. S. Tannenbum,
D. Wetherall, Prentice Hall, Imprint of
Pearson 5th Ed

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 Reference Book :
 1. Computer Networks:A system Approach:Larry L,
Peterson and Bruce S. Davie,Elsevier, 4th Ed
2. Computer Networks: Natalia Olifer, Victor Olifer,
Willey India
3. Data and Computer Communications: William
Stallings, Prentice Hall, Imprint of Pearson, 9th Ed.
4. Data communication & Computer Networks: Gupta,
Prentice Hall of India
5. Network for Computer Scientists & Engineers: Zheng,
Oxford University Press
6. Data Communications and Networking: White,
Cengage Learning

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 1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
Telecommunication:
•Telecommunication means communication at a distance.
Data:
•Data refers to information presented in whatever form is
agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data.
Data Communication:
• Data communications are the exchange of data between
two devices via some form of transmission medium such
as a wire cable.
Network
•A network can be defined as a group of computers and
other devices connected in some ways so as to be able to
exchange data.
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 Components of Network
•Sender
•Receiver
•Message
•Communication medium
•Protocols(set of rules used for data
communication in a network)

Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication

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 Data Représentation

 Text: Bit patterns (sequence of 0 and 1).

ASCII code used
 Numbers: Represented in bit patterns
 Images: Represented in bit patterns
 Audio: Sound or music (Continuous signal)
 Video: Picture of movie (Combination of
continuous and discrete entity)

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 Data flow
(Transfer of data/information)

(simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

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 1-2 NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as

nodes) connected by communication links.

A node can be a computer, printer, or any other

device capable of sending and/or receiving data
generated by other nodes on the network.

Each node in the network has a unique address.

Example: 142.250.182.174
www.google.com
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 Network Criteria
 Performance
 Transit time
 Response time
 Throughput
 Delay
 Reliability: Frequency of failure and time
to recover from it
 Security :Authentication, Authorization and
Integrity
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 Distributed Processing

 Task divided among multiple computers

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 Physical Structure of Network

 Types of Connection
 Point to Point: Link shared dedicatedly
between two devices.
 Multipoint: Link shared among multiple
devices.

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 Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

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 Physical Topology
 Topology defines the arrangement/structure of the
network comprising of nodes.
 Defines how all the components are interconnected to
each other
Types
 Physical topology: Defines how nodes are actually interconnected
with wires and cables
 Logical topology: How they appear.

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 Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

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 Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

In a mesh topology, every device is

connected to another device via a
particular channel.
Total number of dedicated links
required to connect N devices in a
mesh topology is NC2 i.e. N(N-1)/2.

Advantages of this topology Disadvantages this topology

It is robust. Installation and configuration are
The fault is diagnosed easily. Data is difficult.
reliable because data is transferred The cost of cables is high as bulk wiring
among the devices through dedicated is required, hence suitable for less
channels or links. number of devices.
Provides security and privacy. The cost of maintenance is high.

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 Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

All the devices are connected to a

central hub

Advantages
If N devices are connected to each Disadvantages
other in a star topology, then the number If the hub on which the whole topology
of cables required to connect them is N. relies fails, the whole system will crash
It is easy to set up. down.
Each device requires only 1 port i.e. to The cost of installation is high.
connect to the hub, therefore the total Performance is based on the hub.
number of ports required is N.

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 Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

The nodes/stations are connected to the shared backbone

channel via drop lines
Advantages: Disadvantages:
If N devices are connected, then the number If the common cable fails, then the whole
of cables required to connect them is 1, which system will crash down.
is known as backbone cable, and N drop lines If the network traffic is heavy, it increases
are required. collisions in the network.
The cost is less as compared to other Security is very low.
topologies,
It is used to build small networks.

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 Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

It forms a ring connecting devices with its

exactly two neighboring devices.

Disadvantages
Advantages Troubleshooting is difficult in this
The possibility of collision is topology.
minimum in this type of topology. The addition of stations in between
Cheap to install and expand. or removal of stations can disturb the
whole topology.
Less secure.

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 Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

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 Network Models

 OSI(Open Systems Interconnection):

Seven Layers
 Internet Model(TCP/IP): Five Layers

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 Categories of Networks
 PAN(Personal Area Network):
 Smallest network which is very personal to a user.
 1-10m range
 This may include Bluetooth enabled devices or infra-red enabled
devices.
 PAN may include wireless computer keyboard and mouse, Bluetooth
enabled headphones, wireless printers and TV remotes.
 LAN(Local Area Network):
 A LAN is a data communication system within a building, plant, or
campus, or between nearby buildings.
 10m-1km range
 LAN uses either Ethernet or Token-ring technology.
 Ethernet is most widely employed LAN technology and uses Star
topology, while Token-ring is rarely seen.
 LAN can be wired, wireless, or in both forms at once.

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  MAN(Metropolitan Network):
 A MAN is a data communication system covering an area
the size of a town or city.
 10-100km
 It can be in the form of Ethernet ,Token-ring, ATM, or
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI).
 WAN(Wide Area Network):
 A WAN is a data communication system spanning states,
countries, or the whole world.
 Types of WAN: Point to Point WAN and Switched
WAN

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 Types of WAN

 Switched WAN: Uses router and switches

to connect two or more
networks(LAN,MAN,WAN) and end
systems
 Point to Point WAN: Uses leased line from
telephone line or cable TV provider that
connects home computer or small LAN to
ISP

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 Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

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 Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

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 Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

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 1-3 THE INTERNET

•An internet is a network of networks.

The Internet is a collection of many separate
networks.
•TCP/IP is the protocol suite for the Internet.
•The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our
daily lives.
•It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time.
•The Internet is a communication system that has
brought a wealth of information to our fingertips and
organized it for our use.

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 Internet service providers (ISPs)

Organization that provides services accessing

and using the Internet.
Types
 Local (ISPs)

 Regional (ISPs)

 National (ISPs)

 International (ISPs)

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 Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

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 Protocol

 A protocol is a set of rules that governs

data communication; the key elements of
a protocol are syntax, semantics, and
timing.
Examples
http,tcp,ftp

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 Standards

 Standards are necessary to ensure that

products from different manufacturers can
work together as expected.
 Defacto: By Fact
 Dejure: By Law

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 Standards Organizations

 The ISO, ITU-T, ANSI, IEEE, and EIA are

some of the organizations involved in
standards creation.
 Regulatory Agencies: Govt agencies such
as FCC(Federal Communications
Commision) in US

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 Internet Standards

 Internet Draft(Working Documents)

 RFC(Request For Comment): A number
assigned to the draft and made available
for stake holders.

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