Introduction to Electronics & Communication Module-5

SAI VIDYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Govt. of Karnataka)
Accredited by NBA, New Delhi (CSE, ISE, ECE, MECH, CIVIL), NAAC – “A” GRADE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Rajanukunte, Bangaluru- 560 064, Karnataka
Phone: 080-28468191/96/97/98, E-mail: hodece@saividya.ac.in, URL www.saividya.ac.in

Course Name: Introduction to Electronics Engineering Course Code: BESCK104C/204C

Course Coordinator: Prof. M o n i s h a U d a y Scheme: 2022

Syllabus

Analog Communication Schemes – Modern communication system scheme, Information source,

and input transducer, Transmitter, Channel or Medium – Hardwired and Soft wired, Noise,
Receiver, Multiplexing, Types of communication systems. Types of modulation (only concepts) –
AM, FM, Concept of Radio wave propagation (Ground, space, sky) Digital Modulation Schemes:
Advantages of digital communication over analog communication, ASK, FSK, PSK, Radio signal
transmission, Multiple access techniques.

Learning Outcome: CO5: Prioritize the need and various types of electronic communication
systems, modulation techniques and multiplexing schemes.

Analog Communication Schemes

INTRODUCTION

Communication?
❑ Transfer of information from one point to other (or) Exchange of Information
between two points.
❑ Electronic Communication: Sending data or Information using electronic
devices. This allows rapid transfer of goods, money and ideas.

Need for Communication:

❑ Speedy transmission: Requires only few seconds to communicate through
electronic media due the technology available for quick transmission.
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• Wide Coverage: The whole world has become a global village and communication
around the globe requires just a second.  Low Cost: Cost of an SMS is cheaper than
sending a letter by post. 

• Exchange of feedback: Instant exchange of feedback.

• 24/7 accessibility: Can be accessed anytime.

• Message signal: The signal that consists information is called modulating signal. The
modulating signal is usually of low-frequency signal. (20 Hz – 20 KHz).

• Carrier signal: The signal which carries the information is called carrier signal. Carrier
signal is a high frequency signal which does not contains any information. The purpose
of this signal is just to carry the message signal. The range is in terms of Mega Hertz.

5.1 MODERN COMMUNICATION SYSTEM SCHEME:

• Communication engineering deals with the techniques of transmitting
information.
• Communication engineering means electrical communication, in which
information is transmitted through electrical signals.
• Electrical communication is a process by which the information message is
transmitted from one point to another, from one person to another, or from one
place to another in the form of electrical signals, through some communication
link.
• Basic communication system provides a link between the information source and
its destination. The process of electrical communication involves sending,
receiving, and processing information in electrical form.
• The information to be transmitted passes through a number of stages of the
communication system prior it reaches its destination.
• Figure 5.1 shows a block schematic diagram of the most general form of basic
communication system.

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•
familiar examples of messages are voice, live scenes, music, written text, and e-
mail.
• A communication system transmits information in the form of electrical signal or
signals.

(i) Input transducer:

• A transducer is a device that converts a non-electrical energy into its
corresponding electrical energy called signal and vice versa, e.g., during a
telephone conversation, the words spoken by a person are in the form of sound

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energy.
• An example of a transducer is a microphone. Microphone converts sound signals
into the corresponding electrical signals.
• Similarly, a television (TV) picture tube converts electrical signals into its
corresponding pictures. Some other examples of transducers are movie cameras,
Video Cassette, Recorder (VCR) heads, tape recorder heads, and loudspeakers.
• The information produced by the information source is applied to the next stage,
termed the information or input /transducer. This in turn, produces an electrical
signal corresponding to the information as output. This electrical signal is called
the baseband signal. It is also called a message signal s(t).
• There are two types of signals. (a) analog signal, and (b) digital signal.
(a) Analog Signal
• An analog signal is a function of time, and has a continuous range of values.
However, there is a definite function value of the analog signal at each point
of time.

Fig 5.2: Analog signals (a) Pure sine wave (b) Typical speech signal
• A familiar example of analog signal or analog wave form is a pure sine wave
form. A practical example of an analog signal is a voice signal. When a voice
signal is converted to electrical for by a microphone, one gets a corresponding
electrical analog signal.
(b) Digital signal
• A digital signal does not have continuous function values on a time scale. It
is discrete in nature, i.e., it has some values at discrete timings.
• A familiar example of a digital signal is the sound signal produced by
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drumbeats.

Fig 5.3: Digital signal

• Digital signals in their true sense correspond to a binary digital signal, where
the discrete amplitude of the signal is coded into binary digits represented
by ‘0’ and ‘1’.
• The analog signal, which is continuous in time, is converted to discrete time,
using a procedure calling sampling. The continuous amplitude of the analog
signal is converted to discrete amplitude using a process called quantization.
Sampling and quantization are together termed as analog-to-digital
conversion (ADC) and the circuitry that performs this operation is called an
analog to-digital converter.

(ii) Transmitter:
The transmitter section processes the signal prior transmission. There are two
following options for processing signals prior transmission:
(i) The baseband signal, which lies in the low frequency spectrum, is
translated to a higher frequency spectrum.
(ii) The baseband signal is transmitted without translating it to a higher
frequency spectrum.
• The baseband signal is converted into a corresponding series of sine waves of
two different frequencies prior to transmission. Figure 5.4 illustrates this
processing.
• The carrier communication system is based on the principle of translating a
low frequency baseband signal to higher frequency spectrum. This process is
termed as modulation.
• If the baseband signal is a digital signal, the carrier communication system is

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called a digital communication system. The digital modulation methods are

employed for this.
• If the baseband signal is an analog signal, the carrier communication system
is called as an analog communication system and for processing the analog
modulation techniques are used.

Fig: 5.4 The processing of a baseband signal

Fig. 5.5 Block diagram representing schematic of an analog transmitter section

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• Figure 5.5 shows the baseband signal, s(t) applied to the modulated stage. This
stage translates the baseband signal from its low frequency spectrum to high
frequency spectrum. This stage also receives another input called the carrier
signal, c(t), which is generated by a high frequency carrier oscillator.
• Modulation takes place at this stage with the baseband and the carrier signals as
two inputs after modulation, the baseband signal is translated to a high frequency
spectrum and the carrier signal is said to be modulated by the baseband signal.
• The output of the modulated stage is called the modulated signal, and is
designated as x(t). The voltage of the modulated signal is then amplified to drive
the last stage of the transmitter, called the power amplifier stage (Fig. 5.5).
• This stage amplifies the power of the modulated signal and thus it carries enough
power to reach the receiver stage of the communication system. Finally, the signal
is passed to the transmission medium or channel.
• Radio signals are transmitted through electromagnetic (em) waves, also referred
as radio waves, in a radio communication system.
• The radio waves have a wide frequency range starting from a few ten kilo Hertz
(Hz) to several thousand Mega Hertz (MHz). This wide range of frequencies is
referred as the radio frequency (RF) spectrum.

Radio Wavelength Class Applications

frequency (meters)
range
10-30 KHz 3x104 - 104 Very Low Point to point
Frequency communication
(VLF) (long distance).
30-300 KHz 104 – 103 Low Point to point
Frequency communication
(LF) (long distance)
and navigation
Radio
broadcasting.
300-3000 103 – 102 Medium Radio
KHz Frequency broadcasting.

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(MF)
3-30 MHz 102 – 102 High Overseas radio
Frequency broadcasting,
(HF) Point to point
radio
telegraphy and
telephony.
30-300MHz 102 – 10 Very High FM broadcast ,
Frequency Television
(VHF) &RADAR.
300- 1.0 - 0.1 Ultra High Television and
3000MHz Frequency navigation.
(UHF)
3000- 0.1 - 0.01 Super High Radar
30000 MHz Frequency navigation and
(SHF) radio relays.

(iii) Channel or Medium:

• After the required processing, the transmitter section passes the signal to the
transmission medium. The signal propagates through the transmission medium
and is received at the other side by the receiver section. The transmission medium
between the transmitter and the receiver is called a channel.
• Channel is a very important part of a communication system as its
characteristics add many constraints to the design of the communication system,
e.g., most of the noise is added to the signal during its transmission through the
channel.
• Depending on the physical implementations, one can classify the channels in the
following two groups:
Hardware Channels:
These channels are manmade structure which can be used as transmission medium.
There are following three possible implementations of the hardware channels.
1. Transmission lines
2. Waveguides

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3. Optical Fiber Cables (OFC)

• The examples of transmission lines are Twisted-pair cables used in landline
telephony and coaxial cables used for cable TV transmission. However,
transmission lines are not suitable for ultra-high frequency (UHF) transmission.
• To transmit signals at UHF range, Waveguides are employed as medium.
Waveguides are hollow, circular, or rectangular metallic structures. The signals
enter the waveguide, are reflected at the metallic walls, and propagate towards
the other end of the waveguide.
• Optical fiber cables are highly sophisticated transmission media, in the form of
extremely thin circular pipes. e.g., landline telephony and cable TV network.
Software Channels:
• There are certain natural resources which can be used as the transmission
medium for signals. Such transmission media are called software channels.
• The possible natural resources that can be used as software channels are: air
or open space and sea water.
• The most widely used software channel is air or open space. The signals are
transmitted in the form of electromagnetic (em) waves, also called radio waves.
• Systems that use radio waves to transmit signals through open space are called
radio communication systems, e.g., radio broad cast, television transmission,
satellite communication, and cellular mobile communication.
(iv) Noise:
• In electronics and communication engineering, noise is defined as unwanted
electrical energy of random and unpredictable nature present in the system due
to any cause.
• Obviously, noise is an electrical disturbance, which does not contain any useful
information. Thus, noise is a highly undesirable part of a communication
system, and have to be minimized.

SNR and Noise Figure (F):

• One can define the SNR as the ratio of the signal power to the noise power at a
point in the circuit. Now, if Ps, is signal power and Pn, is noise power, then SNR
expressed as S/N, is given as
𝑆 𝑃𝑠
( )= ( )
𝑁 𝑃𝑛

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If Ps = Vs2R and Pn = Vn2R, then

𝑆 𝑃𝑠 𝑉𝑠2𝑅
= =
𝑁 𝑃𝑛 𝑉𝑛2𝑅
where Vs, is signal voltage and Vn, is noise voltage.
• In addition, it is assumed that both the signal and noise powers are dissipated
in the same resistor R. Therefore, SNR can be expressed in terms of decibels
(dB) as
𝑆 𝑉2
( ) 𝑑𝐵 = 10 log10 ( 𝑠 )
𝑁 𝑉𝑛2
𝑆 𝑉𝑠
( ) 𝑑𝐵 = 20 log10 ( )
𝑁 𝑉𝑛
• For example, if, at a particular point in a circuit, the signal and noise voltages
are given as 3.5 mV and 0.75 mV, respectively, SNR in dB is calculated as:
( 𝑆 ) 𝑑𝐵 = 20 log10 ( 3.5 )
𝑁 .75
0
𝑆
( ) 𝑑𝐵 = 20 log10(4.66)
𝑁
𝑆
( ) 𝑑𝐵 = 13.38 𝑑𝐵
𝑁
Clearly, the SNR of the circuit at the point is 13.38 dB.
• The Noise figure (F) is the measure of the noise introduced by the circuit. It is
defined as the ratio of the signal-to-noise power at the input of the circuit and
the signal-to-noise power at the output of the circuit. Noise figure (r) can be
expressed as
𝑆
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝐹= 𝑁
𝑆
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝑁
Receiver:
• The task of the receiver is to provide the original information to the user. This
information is altered due to the processing at the transmitter side.
• The signal received by the receiver, thus does not contain information in its
original form. The receiver system receives the transmitted signal and performs
some processing on it to the original baseband signal.
• The function of the receiver section is to separate the noise from the received
signal, and then recover the original baseband signal by performing some

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processing on it.
• The receiver performs an operation known as demodulation, which brings the
baseband signal from the higher frequency spectrum to its original low-
frequency spectrum. The demodulation process removes the high frequency
carrier from the received signal and retrieves the original baseband.

Fig: 5.6 Detailed block diagram of a typical receive section

• From Fig. 5.6 it is evident that the received signal, r(t), is first amplified by the
front-end voltage amplifier. This is done to strengthen the received signal, which
is weak and to facilitate easy processing.
• Next, this signal is given to the demodulator, which in turn, demodulates the
received signal to recover the original baseband signal. After recovering the
original baseband signal, its voltage and power is amplified prior it to final
destination block.

Destination:
Destination is the final stage which is used to convert an electrical message
signal into its original form. For example, in radio broadcasting, the destination is a
loud speaker which works as a transducer that converts the electrical signal to
original sound signal.

5.2 MULTIPLEXING
• This is a technique that is most widely used in nearly all types of communication
systems, radio and line communication systems.
• Basically, multiplexing is a process which allows more than one signal to transmit
through a single channel.

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• The use of multiplexing also makes the communication system economical

because more than one signal can be transmitted through a single channel.
• Multiplexing is possible in communication system only through modulation.
• To consider multiplexing, let us consider the following example. If many people
speak loudly and simultaneously, then it becomes nearly impossible to
understand their conversion because the overall result is noise. This noise is the
result of mixing of all the speeches.
• The human ear is not capable of separating these intermingled speeches and
therefore no intelligent words are communicated to brain.
• The same situation is now applied to the transmission of audio signals. These
audio signals may come from, say ten different persons. While the speech
frequency of different persons will be different, all the ten signals will lie in the
same audio range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz.

Fig 5.7: Multiplexer

5.3 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

1. Communication Systems based on Physical Infrastructure:
Based on physical infrastructure there are two types of communication systems:
Line communication systems: Uses power lines to transfer data from one point
to another point. There is a physical link, called a hardwire channel between the
transmitter and the receiver inline communication systems.
Ex: Land line telephony, Cable TV
Radio communication systems: that use radio waves to transmit signals

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through open space are called radio communication systems.

Ex: Radio broadcast, television transmission, satellite communication, and
cellular mobile communication.
2. Communication systems based on Signal specifications:
This communication is based on nature of a signal.
A. Based on Nature of baseband or information signal:
i) Analog communication systems: Exchange of information between two
points through analog signals. Ex: Audio, video and pictures between two
points using the analog signals.
ii) Digital communication systems: Exchange of information between two points
through digital signals. Ex: Audio, HDTV
B. Based on Nature of the transmitted signal:
i) Baseband communication system: Baseband signals are transmitted without
translating (or amplified) to higher frequencies. Ex: Land line, fax, etc
ii) Carrier communication system: The baseband signal (low frequency) is mixed
with high frequency carrier signal. Ex: Radio, voice messages and calls.

Fig 5.8: Types of Communication Systems

5.4 MODULATION
Modulation is the process of changing the parameters of the carrier signal, in
accordance with the instantaneous values of the modulating signal.

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TYPES OF MODULATION:
• Amplitude Modulation
• Frequency Modulation
• Phase Modulation
1. Amplitude modulation (AM)
• AM is defined as the modulation technique in which the instantaneous
amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous
amplitude of the analog modulating signal to be transmitted while the frequency
and the phase of the carrier signal remain unchanged.
• Figure 5.9 shows the high frequency carrier signal, modulating signal and the
modulated signal.

Fig: 5.9 Waveforms of Amplitude modulation

• It can be clearly seen from the figure 4.8 that the modulating signal seems to
be superimposed on the carrier signal. The amplitude variations in the peak
values of the carrier signal exactly replicate the modulating signal at different
points in time which is known as an envelope.
2. Frequency Modulation:
• A modulating signal may vary the frequency of the carrier keeping the amplitude
and phase constant. This type of modulation is called Frequency modulation.

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Broadly speaking, the frequency modulation is the process of changing the

frequency of the carrier voltage in accordance with the instantaneous value of
the modulating voltage.
• The original frequency of the carrier signal is called Centre or resting frequency
and denoted by fc. The amount by which the frequency of the carrier wave
changes or shifts above or below the resting frequency is termed as frequency
deviation (Δf). This means Δf ∝ m(t).
• The total variation is frequency of F.M. wave from the lowest to the highest is
termed as carrier saving (CS), i.e., CS = 2 x frequency deviation in Centre
frequency or CS=2 Δf.
• Modulation index in F.M. is the ratio of frequency deviation to the modulating
frequency,
i.e. µ 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝚐𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Δ𝑓
𝑓=𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝚐𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐 =
𝑦 𝑓𝑚

Fig: 5.10 Waveforms of Frequency modulation

3. Phase modulation:
• PM is another form of angle modulation. Phase modulation is the process in
which the instantaneous phase of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with
the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.

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• In this type of modulation, the amplitude and frequency of the carrier signal
remains unaltered after pulse modulation.

Fig: 5.11 Waveforms of Phase modulation

5.6 Radio wave propagation (Ground, space, sky):

• In space communication electromagnetic waves of different frequencies are used
to carry information through the physical space acting as the transmission
medium. Electromagnetic waves with frequencies extending from about 10 kHz
to 300 GHz are classed as radio waves.
• Depending primarily on the frequency a radio wave travels from the transmitting
to the receiving antenna in several ways. On the basis of the mode of propagation,
radio waves can be broadly classified as:
(a) ground or surface wave. (b) space or tropospheric wave. (c) sky way.

(a). Ground wave propagation:

• In ground wave propagation, radio waves are guided by the earth and move
along its curved surface from the transmitter to the receiver. As the waves
moves over the ground, they are strongly influenced by the electrical properties
of the ground.
• As high frequency waves are strongly absorbed by ground; ground wave
propagation is useful only at low frequencies.

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• Below 500 kHz, ground waves can be used for communication within distances
of about 1500 km from the transmitter.
• AM radio broadcast in the medium frequency band cover local areas and take
place primarily by the ground wave. Ground wave transmission is very reliable
whatever the atmospheric conditions be.

Fig 5.12: Ground wave propagation

(b). Space or tropospheric wave propagation:
• When a radio wave transmitted from an antenna, travelling in a straight line
directly reaches the receiving antenna, it is termed as space or tropospheric
wave.
• In space wave or line of sight propagation, radio waves move in the earth's
troposphere within about 15 km over the surface of the earth.
• The space wave is made up of two components:
• (a) a direct or line-of- sight MGVE form the transmitting to the receiving
antenna.
• (b) the ground-reflected urine traversing forms the transmitting antenna to
ground and reflected to the receiving antenna.
• Television frequencies in the range 100-220 MHz are transmitted through this
mode.

Fig 5.13: Space wave propagation

(c). Sky wave propagation:
• Radio waves transmitted from the transmitting antenna reach the receiving
antenna after reflection from the ionosphere (the earth’s upper atmosphere).

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• Sky wave is responsible for short wave transmission around the globe via
successive reflections at the ionosphere and the earth’s surface.
• Ionosphere - The ionized region extending about 80 KM above the earth’s
surface.
• In ionosphere radiation from the sun ionizes atoms and molecules that liberate
electrons and ions from molecules.
• The propagation of radio wave through the ionosphere is affected by the
electrons and ions.

Fig 5.14: Mode of Propagation

Advantages of sky wave propagation
1. It supports large distance propagation.
2. The frequency range of operation is considerably high.
3. Attenuation due to atmospheric conditions is less.
Disadvantages of sky wave propagation
Long-distance propagation requires large-sized antennas.
2. Due to the presence of the ionosphere near and far during night and day
respectively there exist variation in signal transmission in day and night.
Applications
Sky wave propagation is widely used in mobile and satellite communications.

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Digital Modulation Schemes:

Advantages of digital communication over analog communication:
• Immunity to Noise (possibility of regenerating the original digital signal if signal
power to noise power ratio (SNR) is relatively high by using of devices called
repeaters along the path of transmission).
• Efficient use of communication bandwidth (through use of techniques like
compression).
• Digital communication provides higher security (data encryption)
• The ability to detect errors and correct them if necessary.
• Design and manufacturing of electronics for digital communication systems is
mucheasier and much cheaper than the design and manufacturing of electronics
for analog communication systems.
Digital communications:
• The modulating signal consists of binary data. When it is required to transmit
digital signals on a bandpass channel, the amplitude, frequency or phase of the
sinusoidal carrier is varied in accordance with the incoming digital data.
• Since, the digital data is in discrete steps, the modulation of the bandpass
sinusoidal carrier is also done in discrete steps. Due to this reason, this type of
modulation is known as digital modulation.
• Digital modulation schemes as classified as under:
• Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
• Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
• Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
• Because of constant amplitude of FSK or PSK, the effect of non-linearity’s, noise
interference is minimum on signal detection. However, these effects are more
pronounced on ASK. Therefore, FSK and PSK are preferred over ASK.
Amplitude Shift Keying(ASK):

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• ASK represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave

• ASK signal can be generated when the incoming binary data and the sinusoidal
carrier are applied to a product modulator as inputs.
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK):

•
•

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•
Fig 5.15: ASK, FSK, & PSK Waveforms.
5.8 Radio Signal Transmission
• Fig 5.16 shows the architecture of a wireless communication transmitter. In the
figure, the transmitter usually processes the information in two stages.
• In the first stage, a modulator accepts the incoming bits, and computes symbols
that represent the amplitude and phase of the outgoing wave. It then passes
these to the analogue transmitter, which generates the radio wave itself.
• The modulation scheme used in Fig. 5.16 is known as quadrature phase shift
keying (QPSK).
• A QPSK modulator takes the incoming bits two at a time and transmits them
using a radio wave that can have four different states. These have phases of 45°,
135°, 225° and 315°.

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Fig 5.16: Architecture of a wireless communication transmitter

5.17: Quadrature phase shift keying (a) Example QPSK waveform (b) QPSK
constellation diagram
• Fig. 5.17 (a), which correspond to bit combinations of 00, 10, 11 and 01
respectively. We can represent the four states of QPSK using the constellation
diagram shown in Fig. 5.17 (b).
• In this diagram, the distance of each state from the origin represents the
amplitude of the transmitted wave, while the angle (measured anti-clockwise
from the x-axis) represents its phase. Usually, it is more convenient to represent
each symbol using two other numbers, which are known as the in-phase (I) and
quadrature (Q) components. These are computed as follows:
I = a cos ɸ
Q = a sin ɸ
where a is the amplitude of the transmitted wave and ɸ is its phase.
• Mathematicians will recognize the in-phase and quadrature components as the

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real and imaginary parts of a complex number.

LTE Modulation scheme
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a standard for wireless broadband communication for
mobile devices (marketed as 4G). LTE uses four modulation schemes together as
given below.
i) Binary Phase Shift Keying – BPSK
ii) Quadrature Phase Shift Keying - QPSK
iii) 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation -16 QAM
iv) 64 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation – 64 QAM

• BPSK sends one bit at a time using two states (0 and 1) representing phases of
0o and 180o or signalamplitudes of +1 and -1.

• QPSK sends two bits at a time using 4 states (00, 01, 10 and 11) to represent
amplitude and phaseby 45o, 135o, 225o, and 315o

• 16 - QAM sends four bits at a time using 16 states to represent amplitude and
phase. 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) sends bits four at a time,
using 16 states that have different amplitudes and phases.

• Similarly, 64-QAM sends bits six at a time using 64 different states, so it has a
data rate six times greater than that of BPSK.

Fig 5.18: Modulation schemes used by LTE

5.9 Multiple Access Techniques:

• Multiple access is a technique to provide communication service to multiple
users over a single channel. It allows multiple mobile users share the allotted

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Introduction to Electronics & Communication Module-5

spectrum in the most effective manner.

• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Available frequency band is split
into smaller frequency channels, and different channels are assigned to different
users. The carriers are separated by guard bands, which avoid the interference
between the users.
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Various users can transmit at the same
frequency band at different times. Every user is permitted to transmit only in
specific time slots using a common frequency band. GSM uses a combination of
both TDMA and FDMA techniques. LTE uses orthogonal FDMA techniques.
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Mobiles receive signals on the same
carrier frequency and at the same time. But the signals are labeled by the use of
codes, which allows a mobile to separate its own signal from the others. CDMA
is the common platform on which 3G technologies are built.

Fig 5.19: Example multiple access techniques

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Introduction to Electronics & Communication Module-5

Module-5 Question Bank

1. Brief about Modern Communication System with its block diagram.

2. Write a note on different types of modulations and briefly describe each in detail.

3. List out the advantages of Digital Communication over Analog Communications.

4. Explain with a neat diagram the concept of Radio Wave Propagation and its

different types.

5. Describe about Radio signal transmission and Multiple access techniques.

6. Present the architecture of a wireless communication transmitter and its

modulation scheme QPSK with waveforms and constellation diagrams.

7. Describe the classification of RF (Radio Frequency) spectrum with applications

in communications systems.

8. Define and explain SNR, Noise Figure, channel types

9. Discuss the various Multiple Access Techniques used in cellular network.

10. Consider the following binary data and sketch the ASK, FSK & PSK modulated

waveforms.

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