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Notes On Computer Languages

The document provides an overview of computer languages, categorizing them into five generations from machine language to fifth-generation languages used for AI. It explains key programming concepts such as syntax vs. semantics, compilers vs. interpreters, and various programming paradigms including procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming. Additionally, it highlights popular programming languages like Python, Java, and C/C++, along with their key features and common uses.

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20 views3 pages

Notes On Computer Languages

The document provides an overview of computer languages, categorizing them into five generations from machine language to fifth-generation languages used for AI. It explains key programming concepts such as syntax vs. semantics, compilers vs. interpreters, and various programming paradigms including procedural, object-oriented, and functional programming. Additionally, it highlights popular programming languages like Python, Java, and C/C++, along with their key features and common uses.

Uploaded by

online school
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Notes on Computer Languages

1. Introduction to Computer Languages


A computer language is a formal language used to communicate instructions to a computer.
It allows programmers to write code that the computer can execute.

Types of Computer Languages

1. Machine Language (1st Generation)


o Binary code (0s and 1s) directly understood by the CPU.
o Fast but difficult for humans to read/write.
2. Assembly Language (2nd Generation)
o Uses mnemonics (e.g., MOV, ADD) instead of binary.
o Requires an assembler to convert to machine code.
3. High-Level Languages (3rd Generation)

o Closer to human language (e.g., Python, Java, C++).


o Requires a compiler or interpreter to convert to machine code.
o Examples:

 C (system programming, fast execution)


 Python (easy syntax, general-purpose)
 Java (platform-independent, "Write Once, Run Anywhere")
4. Fourth-Generation Languages (4GL)

o Designed for database and business applications.


o Example: SQL (Structured Query Language).
5. Fifth-Generation Languages (5GL)

o Used for AI and machine learning.


o Example: Prolog (logic programming).

2. Key Concepts in Programming Languages


A. Syntax vs. Semantics
 Syntax: Rules for writing code (grammar).
o Example: In Python, print("Hello") is correct, but Print("Hello") is wrong (case-
sensitive).
 Semantics: Meaning of the code (logic).
o Example: x = 5 + "10" (semantic error if language doesn’t allow adding numbers and
strings).

B. Compiler vs. Interpreter

Feature Compiler Interpreter

Converts entire code to machine language before Translates and executes line
Execution
execution. by line.

Speed Faster execution (after compilation). Slower (translates at runtime).

Debuggin Easier (errors shown line by


Harder (errors shown after compilation).
g line).

Examples C, C++, Java (partially compiled). Python, JavaScript, Ruby.

C. Paradigms of Programming Languages

1. Procedural Programming

o Follows step-by-step procedures (functions).


o Example: C, Pascal.
2. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

o Uses objects and classes (encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism).


o Example: Java, Python, C++.
3. Functional Programming

o Focuses on mathematical functions (immutable data).


o Example: Haskell, Lisp, Python (supports functional features).
4. Scripting Languages

o Used for automating tasks.


o Example: Python, JavaScript, Bash.
3. Popular Programming Languages & Their Uses
Language Key Features Common Uses

Easy syntax, dynamic typing, large


Python AI, web dev, data science.
libraries.

Java Platform-independent, OOP. Android apps, enterprise software.

C/C++ Fast, low-level control. Game dev, OS, embedded systems.

Web development
JavaScript Runs in browsers, asynchronous.
(frontend/backend).

SQL Database query language. Data management, analytics.

4. Key Takeaways
 Low-level languages (Machine, Assembly) are fast but hard to use.
 High-level languages (Python, Java) are easier but need translation.
 Compiled languages (C, C++) run faster than interpreted ones (Python).
 Different paradigms (OOP, Functional) suit different tasks.

Would you like additional details on any specific language or concept? 😊

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