ARDUINO UNO
• Arduino UNO is a microcontroller-based board with Atmega328.
Atmega328 is a microcontroller with modified Harvard architecture
8- bit RISC processor core.
• It is the first USB based board by Arduino.
• It has 6 analog input pins, 14 digital pins, power jack, usb connector,
ICSP header.
COMPONENTS:
• USB CONNECTOR
- through which Arduino is connected to the computer
and we can program it.
• 6 ANALOG PIN
– pin numbered A0-A6 is analog pins and are used to
read analog sensors in connection
• 14 DIGITAL PIN
–pin numbered D0-D13 are digital pin. It has the value
high or low
• RESET BUTTON
– used to reset the Arduino
• POWER BUTTON
– through which power is supplied to the Arduino
• VOLTAGE REGULATOR
– used to convert input voltage to 5V
• CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
– has frequency of 16MHZ and make Arduino more
powerful.
• ATMEGA 328 MICROCONTROLLER
– it has 8-bit processor core with memory (SRAM,
EEPROM, FLASH), I/O peripherals, timer, oscillator, analog to digital
convertor, interrupts, registers.
• ICSP PIN
– In Circuit Serial Programming allows programmer to
program using firmware of Arduino board.
• POWER LED INDICATOR
– LED is in ON state when power is supplied and in OFF
when power is not supplied.
• AREF
– Analog Reference pin is used to provide reference
voltage to Arduino board when power is supplied.
• TX AND RX LED
- successful flow of data is represented by these
lightings.
SPECIFICATIONS OF ARDUINO UNO:
• It has 20 input and output pins. Which includes 6 pwm pins, 6 analog
pins and 8 digital I/O pins.
• PWM is pulse width modulation pin.
• Crystal oscillator has a frequency of 16MHz.
• Input Voltage ranges from 7V to 20V.
• Power is either drawn from external supply or by connecting through
USB.
SPI IN ARDUINO:
SERIAL PERIPHERAL INTERFACE IS USED FOR SENDING
AND RECEIVING DATA SIMULTANEOUSLY. SPI CAN HAVE MASTER AND
SLAVE COMMUNICATION BY 4LINES. SPI CAN HAVE 1MASTER AND
MULTIPLE SLAVE.
IN ARDUINO UNO WE HAVE
• SLAVE CLOCK IN PIN13
- The clock pulses which synchronize data
transmission generated by the master.
• MASTER IN SLAVE OUT (MISO) IN PIN12
– slave line for sending data to master
• MASTER OUT SLAVE IN (MOSI) IN PIN11
- master line for sending data to peripherals
• SLAVE SELECT IN PIN10
- Master can use this pin to enable and disable
specific devices.
ICSP HEADER:
• ICSP header, user can program the Arduino board’s firmware
using ICSP pin.
• It has,
- Vcc
-MOSI
-GND
-MISO
-SCK
-RESET
DIGITAL INPUT:
1. Reading Digital Input:
- Digital pins on the Arduino Uno can be configured as
inputs. This means they can read the state (high or low) of an external
digital signal.
2. Pull-up/Pull-down Resistors:
-When a digital pin is configured as an input and left
unconnected, it can "float" and produce unreliable readings. To prevent
this, you can enable the internal pull-up resistor, which pulls the pin's
voltage to VCC when it's not being driven low by an external signal.
Alternatively, you can use an external pull-down resistor to pull the pin's
voltage to ground.
3. DigitalRead() Function:
-In the Arduino programming language, you use the
`digitalRead()` function to read the state of a digital pin. This function
returns HIGH if the voltage at the pin is close to VCC and LOW if it's close
to ground.
DIGITAL OUTPUT:
1. Controlling Digital Output:
-Digital pins on the Arduino Uno can also be configured
as outputs. This allows you to control external digital devices such as
LEDs, relays, or other microcontrollers.
2. DigitalWrite() Function:
-In the Arduino programming language, you use the
`digitalWrite()` function to set the state of a digital pin. You pass either
HIGH or LOW as the second argument to this function, indicating whether
you want to set the pin to output a high voltage or a low voltage.
ANALOG INPUT:
1. Analog Pins:
-Arduino Uno has several analog pins (A0 to A5) that can read
analog voltages. These pins are connected to the built-in Analog-to-Digital
Converter (ADC) of the microcontroller.
2. AnalogRead() Function:
-To read analog signals, use the `analogRead()` function in the
Arduino programming language. This function reads the voltage present at
the specified analog pin and converts it into a digital value ranging from 0 to
1023. This range corresponds to an input voltage of 0 to 5 volts, where 0
represents 0 volts, and 1023 represents 5 volts.
