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Course Contents
1. Computer Fundamentals
1.1. Introduction to computer, Characteristics and Applications

A computer is an electronic device that takes data as input, processes it using instructions,
stores the results, and produces information as output.

Characteristics:

1. Speed: Processes data incredibly fast.

2. Accuracy: Performs operations precisely.
3. Diligence: Works tirelessly without fatigue.
4. Versatility: Handles diverse tasks.
5. Reliability: Operates consistently.
6. Storage: Stores vast amounts of data.
7. Automation: Performs tasks automatically.
8. Communication: Connects with other devices and networks.

the applications of computers

1. Education: E-learning, online research, student record management, interactive learning.
2. Business: Data management, financial accounting, inventory, marketing, communication.
3. Science & Research: Simulations, data analysis, modeling, weather forecasting, drug
discovery.
4. Healthcare: Patient management, medical imaging, surgical assistance, remote
diagnosis.
5. Engineering & Design: CAD/CAM, architectural design, structural analysis.
6. Entertainment: Video games, animation, special effects, music production, streaming.
7. Communication: Email, instant messaging, social media, video conferencing, internet.
8. Government: Public records, tax administration, defense systems, public services.
9. Banking & Finance: Online banking, ATMs, stock analysis, electronic fund transfers.
10. Manufacturing: Robotics, production line automation, quality control, supply chain.
11. Transportation: GPS navigation, air traffic control, autonomous vehicles, logistics.
12. Art & Culture: Digital art, graphic design, music composition, historical data
preservation.
 Classification of computer on the basis of size, purpose,
model
A. Classification Based on Size:
Very powerful, used for scientific calculations and weather forecasting.
1. Supercomputer
Example: PARAM, Summit
2. Mainframe
Large, used by banks and government for bulk data processing.
Computer
3. Minicomputer Smaller than mainframes, used by medium-sized businesses.
4. Microcomputer Also called Personal Computers (PCs); used at home, schools, offices.
5. Workstation High-performance single-user computers used for graphic design, CAD, etc.
6. Laptop/Notebook Portable microcomputers for mobile use.

🎯 B. Classification Based on Purpose:

Type Description
1. General-purpose Computer Designed to perform a wide variety of tasks (e.g., PCs, laptops).
2. Special-purpose Computer Designed for specific tasks (e.g., ATMs, robots, digital watches).

🛠️C. Classification Based on Model (Working Principle):

Type Description
1. Analog
Works on continuous signals; used in scientific and engineering applications.
Computer
2. Digital
Works on binary data (0 and 1); most common today.
Computer
3. Hybrid Combines features of both analog and digital computers. Example: Hospital machines
Computer for monitoring.

📌 Conclusion:

Computers can be classified based on size, function, and working principle. Understanding these
classifications helps determine the right type of computer for specific needs.

Computer Hardware and Software

1. Computer Hardware:

Hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer system that you can see and touch.

🧱 Types of Hardware:
Category Examples
Input Devices Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Microphone
Output Devices Monitor, Printer, Speaker
Processing Unit Central Processing Unit (CPU) – Brain of the computer
Storage Devices Hard Disk, SSD, Pen Drive, CD/DVD
Communication Devices Modem, Network Card, Router

✅ 2. Computer Software:

Software is a set of instructions or programs that tell the hardware what to do. It is intangible – you
cannot touch it.

📂 Types of Software:
Type Description Examples
System Software Runs the hardware and system Windows, Linux, macOS
Application Software Helps users perform tasks MS Word, Excel, Browser
Utility Software Supports system maintenance Antivirus, Disk Cleaner
Programming Software Used to write programs C++, Python, Java

🧠 Key Differences Between Hardware and Software:

Hardware Software
Physical parts of a computer Programs or instructions
Can be touched Cannot be touched
Wears out over time Does not wear out physically
Requires software to function Runs on hardware

📌 Conclusion:

Hardware and software work together to make a computer system functional. Hardware is the body,
software is the brain.

CPU: ALU, Registers, CU

CPU (Central Processing Unit):

The CPU is the brain of the computer. It performs all processing tasks and controls the operation of
other parts of the computer.
The CPU has three main components:

🧮 1. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit):

 Performs all arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
 Performs logical operations such as comparison (>, <, =, etc.).
 Works directly on data from the registers.

📌 Example: If you do 5 + 3, the ALU performs the addition.

📦 2. Registers:

 Registers are small, fast memory units inside the CPU.

 They temporarily store data, instructions, and addresses while the CPU processes them.
 Examples: Accumulator, Program Counter, Instruction Register, Memory Address
Register, Memory Data Register.

📌 Registers help the CPU work faster by keeping important data close at hand.

🧠 3. CU (Control Unit):

 The CU directs the operation of the processor.

 It fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and sends control signals to other
components to perform the required actions.
 It ensures all parts of the computer work in coordination.

📌 The CU acts like a traffic controller, guiding data and instructions inside the CPU.

⚙️Summary Table:
Component Full Form Main Function
ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit Performs calculations and logic
Registers – Temporarily store data/instructions
CU Control Unit Controls and coordinates operations

🧠 Conclusion:

Together, the ALU, Registers, and CU form the core of the CPU, enabling it to process data, control
execution, and store results temporarily.

Input/Output devices
What are Input and Output Devices?

 Input devices are hardware components used to enter data and instructions into a computer.
 Output devices are hardware components used to display or output results from the computer
to the user.

️A. Input Devices:

These devices send data to the computer for processing.

Device Function
Keyboard To type text and commands
Mouse To point, click, and select items
Scanner To scan physical documents into digital form
Microphone To input sound/voice
Webcam To input video/images
Joystick/Gamepad To play games or control simulations
Touch Screen Allows direct interaction by touching the screen

🖨️B. Output Devices:

These devices receive data from the computer and present it to the user.

Device Function
Monitor (VDU) Displays text, images, and videos (Visual Display Unit)
Printer Produces hard copies of digital documents
Speaker Outputs audio/sound
Projector Projects screen display onto a larger surface
Headphones For personal audio output

🔄 C. Input/Output (I/O) Devices:

Some devices act as both input and output.

Device Function
Touch Screen Acts as input (touch) and output (display)
Modem Sends and receives data over the internet
Network Card Sends and receives data in a network
Pen Drive (USB) Can input data to and output data from a computer

🧠 Conclusion:

Input and output devices are essential parts of a computer system, helping users to interact with the
computer and use it effectively.
 Memory and Storage devices, Different types
of memory and storage devices

1. Memory vs Storage:
Feature Memory Storage
Also Called Primary memory Secondary memory
Function Temporarily holds data while working Permanently saves data/files
Speed Very fast Slower than memory
Volatility Volatile (data lost on power off) Non-volatile (data stays)
Example RAM, ROM Hard disk, SSD, USB, CD/DVD

Types of Memory:

a. RAM (Random Access Memory):

 Temporary/volatile memory
 Stores data & instructions currently in use
 More RAM = faster performance
 Types: DRAM, SRAM

🔹 b. ROM (Read Only Memory):

 Permanent/non-volatile memory
 Stores startup programs (firmware/BIOS)
 Cannot be modified easily
 Types: PROM, EPROM, EEPROM

🔹 c. Cache Memory:

 Very fast memory located close to the CPU

 Stores frequently used data
 Reduces access time

🔹 d. Virtual Memory:

 Part of the hard disk used as extra RAM

 Helps run large programs when RAM is full
💾 3. Types of Storage Devices:

🔹 a. Hard Disk Drive (HDD):

 Magnetic storage
 Large capacity (up to TBs)
 Slower and cheaper

🔹 b. Solid State Drive (SSD):

 Faster than HDD

 Uses flash memory
 More expensive, no moving parts

🔹 c. Optical Discs:

 CD, DVD, Blu-ray

 Used for media, backup
 Read with a laser

🔹 d. Flash Drives / Pen Drives:

 Portable storage
 Uses USB interface
 Convenient for data transfer

🔹 e. Memory Cards (SD cards):

 Used in cameras, phones

 Compact and removable

🔹 f. Cloud Storage:

 Data stored online (e.g., Google Drive, Dropbox)

 Access from anywhere with internet

📌 Conclusion:

Memory is crucial for processing tasks, while storage is essential for saving data permanently. A
balance of both is required for an efficient computer system.

Operating system its importance and

application programs
. What is an Operating System (OS)?

An Operating System (OS) is system software that acts as an interface between the user and the
computer hardware. It manages hardware resources and provides a platform to run application
programs.

🧠 2. Importance of Operating System:

Function Description
Resource Management Manages CPU, memory, storage, input/output devices
User Interface Provides GUI (Graphical User Interface) or CLI (Command Line Interface)
File Management Creates, stores, retrieves, and deletes files
Security Management Protects data with passwords and access control
Multitasking Runs multiple programs at the same time
Device Management Controls devices through drivers

📌 Conclusion: Without an OS, a computer cannot function properly.

🖥️3. Types of Operating Systems:

Type Example
Single-user OS MS-DOS
Multi-user OS UNIX, Linux
Graphical OS Windows, macOS
Mobile OS Android, iOS
Real-time OS RTOS (used in robotics, traffic control)

📂 4. What are Application Programs?

Application Programs are software designed to perform specific user tasks.

Category Examples
Word Processing MS Word, Google Docs
Spreadsheet MS Excel
Presentation PowerPoint
Browser Chrome, Firefox
Multimedia VLC, Windows Media Player
Graphics Photoshop, MS Paint
Communication Zoom, Skype, Outlook
Accounting Tally, Busy

🔁 Difference Between OS and Application Software:

Operating System Application Software
Controls hardware and system Performs specific user tasks
Runs in the background Runs when user opens it
Examples: Windows, Linux Examples: MS Word, Excel
📌 Conclusion:

The Operating System is essential for running the computer, while application programs help users
perform daily tasks like writing, calculating, designing, and communicating.

Computer virus and remedies

What is a Computer Virus?

A computer virus is a malicious software program (malware) that can replicate itself and spread from
one computer to another. It can damage or delete files, steal data, slow down performance, and corrupt
systems.

⚠️Common Symptoms of a Virus-Infected Computer:

 Slow performance
 Unexpected shutdowns or restarts
 Missing or corrupted files
 Pop-up ads or strange error messages
 Programs opening or closing automatically
 Disabled antivirus software

🧬 Types of Computer Viruses:

Type Description
File Infector Attaches to files and spreads when the file is opened
Boot Sector Virus Infects the system’s boot sector and activates when the system starts
Macro Virus Attacks documents with macros (e.g., MS Word, Excel)
Trojan Horse Disguises as legitimate software but causes damage
Worms Self-replicates and spreads across networks
Spyware/Adware Steals personal data or shows unwanted ads

🛡️Remedies/Prevention Methods:
Remedy Purpose
Detects and removes viruses (e.g., Avast, Kaspersky, Windows
Install Antivirus Software
Defender)
Keep Software Updated Fixes security loopholes
Avoid Suspicious Emails/Links Prevents malware downloads
Regular Data Backup Helps recover data in case of infection
Use Strong Passwords Protects systems from unauthorized access
Enable Firewall Blocks harmful traffic from entering your network
Do Not Use Unknown
Prevents virus spread through external devices
USBs/CDs

✅ Conclusion:

Computer viruses can cause serious harm to systems and data. Using proper security measures and
antivirus tools helps protect computers from infection.

Internet and its applications

What is the Internet?

The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers that allows people to share
information, communicate, and access services from anywhere in the world.

It uses standard protocols like TCP/IP to transfer data between devices.

📲 Applications of the Internet:

Application Area Use/Function
Email, instant messaging, voice and video calls (e.g., Gmail, Zoom,
Communication
WhatsApp)
Web Browsing Searching for information using browsers (e.g., Chrome, Firefox)
Online courses, tutorials, and educational platforms (e.g., YouTube,
E-learning
Coursera)
E-commerce Online shopping and selling (e.g., Amazon, Daraz)
Banking Online transactions, bill payments (e.g., eSewa, mobile banking)
Social Networking Connect and share with others (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Instagram)
Entertainment Streaming videos, music, games (e.g., Netflix, Spotify, YouTube)
Cloud Storage Store and access files online (e.g., Google Drive, Dropbox)
Government Services Online registration, tax payment, digital identity (e.g., Nagarik app)
Research and
Access academic papers, journals, and data
Development

✅ Benefits of the Internet:

 Fast communication
 Easy access to information
 Saves time and cost
 Supports remote education and work
 Increases global connectivity

⚠️Risks and Challenges:

 Cybersecurity threats (hacking, phishing)

 Spread of misinformation
 Privacy issues
 Internet addiction

📌 Conclusion:

The Internet is an essential tool in today’s world that supports communication, learning, commerce, and
more. Responsible use of the internet can greatly improve productivity and access to information.

Fonts, Devanagari (Nepali) Fonts, Unicode

and Nepali Unicode Fonts
. What is a Font?

A font is a style or design of text characters. It determines how the text appears on screen or paper.

🔸 Examples: Arial, Times New Roman, Calibri, Courier New

🕉️2. What is Devanagari Font?

Devanagari is a script used for writing several South Asian languages, including Nepali, Hindi,
Sanskrit, and Marathi.

Devanagari fonts are used to type Nepali language digitally.

🔸 Examples:

 Preeti
 Kantipur
 Sagarmatha
 Mangal (Unicode-based)

🌐 3. What is Unicode?

Unicode is a global character encoding standard that assigns a unique number to every character in
every language, making it compatible across all devices and platforms.

📌 Unicode allows the same Nepali text to be read and written without errors on any system (Windows,
Mac, web, etc.).

🇳🇵 4. What is Nepali Unicode Font?

Nepali Unicode fonts allow you to type and display Nepali text using the Unicode standard, which
ensures proper rendering and compatibility.

🔸 Examples of Nepali Unicode Fonts:

 Mangal (default Unicode Devanagari font)

 Noto Sans Devanagari
 Arial Unicode MS
 Lohit Devanagari
🔁 Difference Between Legacy (Preeti) and Unicode Fonts:
Legacy Fonts (e.g., Preeti) Unicode Fonts (e.g., Mangal)
Not standard worldwide Standard and globally accepted
Requires font installation Works across all systems
Difficult to search/index online Searchable and SEO-friendly
Different layouts on different systems Uniform layout everywhere

✅ Conclusion:

Fonts like Preeti helped digitize Nepali, but Unicode fonts like Mangal have become the modern
standard for typing, sharing, and preserving the Nepali language digitally and globally.

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