Chapter - I
INTERNET BASICS
● What is Internet?
Internet is computer-based world wide communications network, which is
composed a large number of smaller interconnecting networks.
● What is World Wide Web?
World Wide Web(WWW) is a set of programs, standards and protocols that
allows multimedia and hypertext files to be created , displayed and linked on the
internet.
www was invented in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee.
● What is the difference between Internet and WWW?
Internet is a collection of computers or networking devices connected together
for sharing information.
WWW is a collection of documents, linked via special links called hyperlinks.
WWW forms a large part of the internet but is not the Internet.
● Internet Terminology
Client: Any computer on the network that requests services from another
computer on the Internet.
Server: A server is a computer or device on a network that manages network
resources. A server serves requests mainly related to resources on the network
such as for sharing a resource like a printer or sharing storage etc.
Services provided by a server:-
1. Equipment /resource sharing
2. Centralised file saving for data
3. Centralised Virus scanning
4. Centralised Backups
Web Server: A web server is a computer that stores web documents and
responds to the requests made by web browsers. The communication between a
client and a server uses HTTP protocol.
Services provided by web server
1. Serving web pages
2. Running Gateway programs and returning output. (CGI- Common
Gateway Interface is a standard way of running programs from
a Web server)
3. Controlling access to the server
4. Monitoring and logging all access
5. Server side scripting
Some examples of Web server software are:-
Apache web server, Apache Tomcat, IIS web server, Jigsaw, Sun Java System
Web Server etc.
Webpage: Any digital page/document hosted on the Internet.
Components of a web page
1.Components of a web page, Content wise
2. Components of a web page, Structure wise
➔ Content wise the Components of a web page are : Hypertext and
hyperlinks
Hypertext refers to the combination of text,graphics, images, audio , video and
hyperlinks.
Hyperlinks refers to a link from a hypertext file to another file.
➔ Structure wise the components of a web page are :
● Page title
● Header
● Body of the web page
● Navigational links
● Footer
Web Site: A website is a collection of interconnected web pages, containing
related information.
Components of a website:
1. Webhost: Hosting is where a website is physically located.
2. Address :URL
3. Home page: The first web page that appears
4. Design of the website
5. Content
6. The navigation structure (hyperlinks)
Web portal: It is a gateway to a wide range of internet services , such as email,
search engine, e-commerce etc.
Eg: Google, Yahoo, Rediff etc.
Web browser: It is a software application through which one searches and
accesses information on the World wide web .
Eg: Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge,Opera , Safari etc.
There are 2 types of browsers:
1. Graphical browser (Eg:Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge etc)
2. Text only browser (Eg:lynx)
Web client : A web client is an application(ex: Google Chrome, Mozilla
Firefox, Microsoft Edge,Opera , Safari etc.) running on a local device (desktop,
laptop, mobile) that requests and uses services provided by a web browser.
URL: Uniform Resource locator (URL) is the unique address of a web page on
the Internet.
Eg: https://www.india.gov.in
Parts of URL / Elements of URL
● Protocol : the type of server or protocol
● Host (WWW)
● Domain name: It is a unique name given to each website.
● Extension
All domain extensions are monitored and regulated by the Internet Corporation
for Assigned names and numbers (ICANN).
Some common domain extensions are :
1. Commercial - .com
2. Government - .gov
3. International organization - .int
4. Network - .net
5. Educational : .edu
6. Organization - .org
7. Information - .info
8. Business - .biz
9. Military - .mil
10.India - .in
11.United states - .us
12.United kingdom - .uk
HTML : HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It is a complete code
package that allows the user to create web pages that contain both text and
graphics.
BLOG: Short for web log. A blog is a frequently updated online personal
journal or diary.
Types of Blog:
1. Personal Blog: This is the most common type of blog.
2. News and views: This type of blog contains factual stories about news
maintained by journalists
3. Company blogs: maintained by companies
4. Micro-blogs: This is a type of blog where one can post very short
messages that others can follow.
Eg: Twitter, where you can only post 140 characters with each entry
called a ‘Tweet’.
Blogger: The author of a blog is a called Blogger.
Blogging: The act of writing a blog is called Blogging.
Newsgroup: Newsgroup are Internet discussion forums (community bulletin
boards) where groups of people with common interest gather to discuss a
common topic of interest.
Email: Email or electronic mail, refers to messages send and received by
electronic means from one computer user to one or more recipients via a
network, mostly Internet.
E-mail addresses:- It is a unique electronic address where emails are received.
An e-mail address consists of 3 parts- a username, a domain name, separated by
the @symbol and the domain extension.
bvmgxc@bhavansgirinagar.ac.in
user name domain name domain extension
Protocols: A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communication between
computers on the same network.
Common protocols for transferring hypertext documents on the web are -
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol
secure)
Other protocols are:
TCP/IP- Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (communication over
Internet)
POP – Post Office Protocol (Receiving Incoming mails)
SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (sending and distributing outgoing
emails)
FTP – File Transfer Protocol (transferring files from one machine to another)
VoIP – Voice Over Internet Protocol (making calls on Internet)
