Name of Student: -

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H V P MANDAL’s
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNALOGY
AMRAVATI

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Shri /Kumari

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-----------------
Roll no. --------------Studying in ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- in the year 2021-2022 is
bonafide student of this institution and has completed practical work in
subject ----------------------------------------------------------------. Based on the syllabus successfully and submitted this
report containing a record of practical work.

Date: -

Professor-in-charge H.O.D.
(Dept. Of ------------------------------------)

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Department of Computer Science and Engineering

INDEX
Sr. Practical’s Name Date Remark
No
1 Write the queries for Data Manipulation and
Data
Definition Language.

2 Write SQL queries using logical operations

and
Operators.

3 Write SQL query using group by function.

4 Write SQL queries for group functions.

5 Write SQL queries for sub queries, nested

queries.
6 Write programme by the use of PL/SQL.

7 Write SQL queries to create views.

8 Write an SQL query to implement JOINS.

9 Write a query for extracting data from more

than
One table.

10 Write a query to understand the concepts

for ROLL
BACK, COMMIT & CHECK POINTS.

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Practical No: 01

AIM: Write the queries for Data Manipulation and Data Definition Language.
Theory:
DML: A data manipulation language (DML) is a family of syntax elements similar
to a computer programming language used for selecting, inserting, deleting and updating data
in a database. Performing read-only queries of data is sometimes also considered a
component of DML.
Commands in DML are:
a. INSERT
b. UPDATE
c. DELETE
d. SELECT
DML COMMANDS:
SYNTAX:
INSERT Statement:
Single Row into a Table: INSERT INTO table – name [column- identifier-comma-list)]
VALUES (column-valuecomma-list);
Multiple Row into a Table: insert into <table name> values (&col1, &col2, ….);
UPDATE Statement: UPDATE table-name SET update- column-list [WHERE search-
condition];
DELETE Statement: DELETE FROM table-name [WHERE search- condition];
DDL: A data definition language or data description language (DDL) is syntax
similar to a computer programming language for defining data structures, especially database
schemas.-
Commands in DDL are:
a. CREATE
b. DROP
c. TRUNCATE
d. RENAME
e. ALTER
DDL COMMANDS:
SYNTAX:
CREATE Statement: Create table tablename (column_name1 data_ type constraints,
column_name2 data_ type constraints);
DROP:DROP TABLE table_name;
TRUNCATE: TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
RENAME: RENAME TABLE {tbl_name} TO {new_tbl_name};
ALTER:
Add column to Table: ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name column-definition;
Modify column in Table: ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY column_namecolumn_type;
Drop column in Table:ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;

DDL QUERIES:
Q1. Write a query to create a table employee with empno, ename, designation, andsalary.
SQL>CREATE TABLE EMP (EMPNO NUMBER (4),

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ENAME VARCHAR2 (10),

DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2 (10),
SALARY NUMBER (8,2));
Table created.

Q2. Write a query for create a from an existing table with all the fields.
SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP1 AS SELECT * FROM EMP;
Table created.
SQL> DESC EMP1
Name Null? Type

EMPNO NUMBER (4)

ENAME VARCHAR2 (10)
DESIGNATIN VARCHAR2 (10)
SALARY NUMBER (8,2)
Q3. Write a Query to Alter the column EMPNO NUMBER (4) TO EMPNO NUMBER (6).
SQL>ALTER TABLE EMP MODIFY EMPNO NUMBER (6);
Table altered.
Q4. Write a query to add a new column in to employee.
SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP ADD QUALIFICATION VARCHAR2 (6);
Table altered.
Q5. Write a query to drop a column from an existing table employee.
SQL> ALTER TABLE EMP DROP COLUMN DOJ;
Table altered.
Q6. Write a query to drop an existing table employee.
SQL> DROP table employee;
Table deleted.

DML QUERIES:
Q1. Write a query to insert the records in to employee.
SQL>INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (103,'Saurabh','ASST_PROF', 25000);
1 row created.
Q2. Write a query to display the records from employee.
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;
EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATIN SALARY

103 SAURABH ASST_PROF 25000

Q3. Write a query to insert the records in to employee using substitution method.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP
VALUES(&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&DESIGNATIN','&SALARY');
Enter value for empno: 102
Enter value for ename: DHAJVEER
Enter value for designatin: ASST_PROF
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Enter value for salary: 35000

old 1: INSERT INTO EMP
VALUES(&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&DESIGNATIN','&SALARY')
new 1: INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(102,'DHAJVEER','ASST_PROF','35000')
1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for empno: 101
Enter value for ename: ABHILASHA
Enter value for designatin: ASST_PROF
Enter value for salary: 40000
old 1: INSERT INTO EMP
VALUES(&EMPNO,'&ENAME','&DESIGNATIN','&SALARY')
new 1: INSERT INTO EMP VALUES(101,'ABHILASHA','ASST_PROF','40000')
1 row created.
Q4. Write a query to update the records from employee.
SQL> UPDATE EMP SET SALARY=45000 WHERE EMPNO=101;
1 row updated.
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP;
EMPNO ENAME DESIGNATIN SALARY

101 ABHILASHA ASST_PROF 45000

102 DHAJVEER ASST_PROF 35000
103 SAURABH ASST_PROF 30000

Conclusion:
To understand the basic commands of DML and DDL and their use in database.

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Practical no 2
AIM: Write SQL queries using logical operations and operators.

Theory:
An operator is a reserved word or a character used primarily in an SQL statement's
WHERE clause to perform operation(s), such as comparisons and arithmetic operations.
These Operators are used to specify conditions in an SQL statement and to serve as
conjunctions for multiple conditions in a statement.

 Arithmetic operators
 Comparison operators
 Logical operators
 Operators used to negate conditions

Pre-Requisite Data:

CUSTOMER TABLE

ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY

1 Akshay 25 Delhi 30000
2 Manish 27 Mumbai 35000
3 Kushagra 26 Kolkata 30000
4 Mukesh 31 Hyderabad 32000
5 Himanshu 29 Chennai 40000
6 Neeraj 30 Noida 36000
7 Nishant 32 Delhi 30000
Queries:
Q1. Write a query to find the salary of a person where age is <= 26 and salary >= 25000 from
customer table.
SQL>SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE <= 26 AND SALARY >= 25000;
Output:
ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY
1 Akshay 25 Delhi 30000
3 Kushagra 26 Kolkata 30000
2 rows selected.
Q2. Write a query to find the salary of a person where age is <= 26 or salary > =33000 from
customer table.
SQL>SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE <= 26 or SALARY > =33000;
Output:
ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY
1 Akshay 25 Delhi 30000
2 Manish 27 Mumbai 35000
3 Kushagra 26 Kolkata 30000
5 Himanshu 29 Chennai 40000
6 Neeraj 30 Noida 36000
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5 rows selected.

Q3.Write a query to find the name of customer whose name is like “Ku%”.
SQL>SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE NAME LIKE 'Ku%';
Output:
ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY
3 Kushagra 26 Kolkata 30000
1 row selected.
Q4. Write a query to find the customer details using “IN” and “Between” operator where age
can be 25 or 27.
SQL>SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE IN ( 25, 27 );
SQL>SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE BETWEEN 25 AND 27;

Output:
ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY
1 Akshay 25 Delhi 30000
3 Kushagra 26 Kolkata 30000
2 rows selected.

Conclusion:
To understand the implementation of SQL queries using logical operations and operators.

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Practical no 3

AIM: Write SQL query using group by function.

Theory:

The GROUP BY statement is often used with aggregate functions (COUNT, MAX,
MIN, SUM, AVG) to group the result-set by one or more columns.

GROUP BY Syntax:
SELECT
column_name(s) FROM
table_name WHERE
condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
ORDER BY column_name(s);

QUERY:
SELECT COUNT(ID),Address
FROM Customers
GROUP BY address;

Output:
COUNT(ID) ADDRESS
2 Delhi
1 Mumbai
1 Kolkata
1 Hyderabad
1 Chennai
1 Noida
6 rows selected.

Conclusion:
To understand the SQL query using group by function.

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Practical no 4
AIM: Write SQL queries for group functions.

Theory:
An SQL group function or aggregate functions performs an operation on a group of
rows and returns a single result. You may want retrieve group of item-prices and return total-
price. This type of scenario is where you would use a group functions. The following table is
summary of some SQL group function & query examples.

Function Description Query Example

AVG(fieldname) Returns average value of a SELECT avg(price) FROM
column inventory;
COUNT(fieldname) Returns number of items in Table SELECT count(product_id)
or queried items from Product;
MAX (fieldname) Returns maximum value SELECT max(price)FROM
ofColumn inventory;
MIN(fieldname) Returns minimum value of SELECT min(price)FROM
Column inventory;
SUM(fieldname) Returns total value of Column SELECT sum(price)FROM
inventory;

To use a group function in a SQL query, list the function name followed by numeric column
name within parentheses. AVG averages the column, COUNT counts the number of items,
MAX returns maximum number of the column, and MIN returns minimum number of the
column .The following is query to retrieve total price, average price, maximum price, and
Minimum price from the table “product” assuming the product table has the following values.
QUERY:
PRODUCT TABLE

Product ID Name Description Price colour

100000000 Printer Inkjet 300 colour 120 80
Printer
100000001 Printer 1220XI Inkjet Printer 200 130
100000002 Printer Photo 890 Inkjet Printer 250 200
100000003 Printer Photo 890 Inkjet Printer 300 270

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Q1. Write a query find the total price of the product.

SQL>SELECT sum(price)
FROM product;
SUM(PRICE)
870
This statement will returns the total amount for the column price which is 870.
Q2. Write a query find the average price of the product.
SQL>SELECT avg(price)
FROM product;

Avg(price)
217.50
This statement will returns the average amount for the column price which is 870/4 or
217.50.
Q3. Write a query find the max price of the product.
SELECT max(price)
FROM product;
Max(price)
300
This statement will returns the maximum amount for the column price, which is 300.

Conclusion:
To understand the implementation of SQL queries for group functions.

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Practical no 5
AIM: Write SQL queries for sub queries, nested queries.

Theory:
Nested Queries: Nesting of queries one within another is known as a nested queries.
Sub queries. The query within another is known as a sub query. A statement containing sub
query is called parent statement. The rows returned by sub query are used by the parent
statement.
Types
1. Sub queries that return several values Sub queries can also return more than one value.
Such results should be made use along with the operators in and any.
2. Multiple queries
Here more than one sub query is used. These multiple sub queries are combined by means of
„and‟ & „or‟ keywords
3. Correlated sub query
A sub query is evaluated once for the entire parent statement whereas a correlated Sub query
is evaluated once per row processed by the parent statement.
Relating Data through Join Concept
The purpose of a join concept is to combine data spread across tables. A join is actually
performed by the „where‟ clause which combines specified rows of tables. Syntax;
select columns from table1, table2 where logical expression;
Types of Joins 1.Simple Join 2.Self Join 3. Outer Join 4. Inner Join
1. Simple Join
a) Equi-join: A join, which is based on equalities, is called equi-join.
b) Non Equi-join: It specifies the relationship between
Table Aliases
Table aliases are used to make multiple table queries shorted and more readable. We give an
alias name to the table in the „from‟ clause and use it instead of the name
throughout the query.
Self-join: Joining of a table to itself is known as self-join. It joins one row in a table to
another. It can compare each row of the table to itself and with other rows of the same table.
Outer Join: It extends the result of a simple join. An outer join returns all the rows returned by
simple join as well as those rows from one table that do not match any row from the table.
The symbol (+) represents outer joins.
Inner join: Inner join returns the matching rows from the tables that are beingjoined

Queries:
EMPLOYEE TABLE

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SALARY

1 Mathi AP 1 30000
2 Arjun ASP 2 32000
3 Gugan ASP 2 40000
4 Karthik AP 1 35000

Q1. Display all employee names and salary whose salary is greater than minimum salary of
the company and job title starts with „A‟.
SQL>select ename,sal from emp where sal>(select min(sal) from emp where job like 'A%');

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Output:
ENAME SALARY
Arjun 32000
Gugan 40000
Karthik 35000
3 rows selected.

Conclusion:
To understand the SQL queries for sub queries nested queries.

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Practical no 6
AIM: Write programmer by the use of PL/SQL.

Theory:
The PL/SQL programming language was developed by Oracle Corporation in the late
1980s as procedural extension language for SQL and the Oracle relational database. PL/SQL
has the following features −

 PL/SQL is tightly integrated with SQL.

 It offers extensive error checking.
 It offers numerous data types.
 It offers a variety of programming structures.
 It supports structured programming through functions and procedures.
 It supports object-oriented programming.
 It supports the development of web applications and server pages.

Query:

DECLARE
a number (2) := 21;
b number (2) := 10;
BEGIN
IF (a = b) then
dbms_output.put_line('Line 1 - a is equal to b');
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('Line 1 - a is not equal to b');
END IF;
IF (a < b) then
dbms_output.put_line('Line 2 - a is less than b');
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('Line 2 - a is not less than b');
END IF;
IF ( a> b ) THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Line 3 - a is greater than b');
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('Line 3 - a is not greater than b');
END IF;
END;
/

Output:
Line 1 - a is not equal to b
Line 2 - a is not less than b
Line 3 - a is greater than b

Conclusion:
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To learn the programming using PL/SQL.

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Practical no 7
AIM: Write SQL queries to create views.

Theory:
A view is nothing more than a SQL statement that is stored in the database with an
associated name. A view is actually a composition of a table in the form of a predefined
SQL query.
A view can contain all rows of a table or select rows from a table. A view can be created
from one or many tables which depends on the written SQL query to create a view.
Views, which are a type of virtual tables allow users to do the following −
 Structure data in a way that users or classes of users find natural or intuitive.
 Restrict access to the data in such a way that a user can see and (sometimes) modify
exactly what they need and no more.
 Summarize data from various tables which can be used to generate reports.

Syntax:
CREATE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT column1,column2,....
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Query:
Q1. Write a SQL query to create a view of customer table created in PRACTICAL no 1.
SQL>CREATE VIEW CUST as
Select ID, Name, Address
From Customer;
Output:
ID NAME ADDRESS
1 Akshay Delhi
2 Manish Mumbai
3 Kushagra Kolkata
4 Mukesh Hyderabad
5 Himanshu Chennai
6 Neeraj Noida
7 Nishant Delhi

Conclusion:
To understand the implementation of SQL queries to create views

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Practical no 8

AIM: Write an SQL query to implement JOINS.

Theory:
A SQL join clause combines columns from one or more tables in a relational
database. It creates a set that can be saved as a table or used as it is. A JOIN is a means for
combining columns from one (self-table) or more tables by using values common to each.
ANSI-standard SQL specifies five types of JOIN: INNER, LEFT OUTER, RIGHT OUTER,
FULL OUTER and CROSS. As a special case, a table (base table, view, or joined table) can
JOIN to itself in a self-join.
A programmer declares a JOIN statement to identify rows for joining. If the evaluated
predicate is true, the combined row is then produced in the expected format, a row set or a
temporary table.

QUERIES:
EMPLOYEE TABLE

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SALARY

1 Mathi AP 1 30000
2 Arjun ASP 2 32000
3 Gugan ASP 2 40000
4 Karthik AP 1 35000

DEPARTMENT TABLE

DEPTNO DNAME LOCATION

1 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
2 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON

Q1. Display the employee details, departments that the departments are same in both the emp
and dept.
SQL>select * from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SALARY DEPTN DNAME LOCATI

O ON
1 Mathi AP 1 30000 1 ACCOUNTIN NEW
G YORK
2 Arjun ASP 2 32000 2 RESEARCH DALLA
S
3 Gugan ASP 2 40000 2 RESEARCH DALLA
S
4 Karthik AP 1 35000 1 ACCOUNTIN NEW
G YORK

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Conclusion:
To understand the implementation of JOINS using SQL.

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Practical no 9

AIM: Write a query for extracting data from more than one table.

Query:

EMPLOYEE TABLE

EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO SALARY

1 Mathi AP 1 30000
2 Arjun ASP 2 32000
3 Gugan ASP 2 40000
4 Karthik AP 1 35000

DEPARTMENT TABLE

DEPTNO DNAME LOCATION

1 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
2 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
Q1. Write a query to extract empno, ename, salary, dname and location from employee and
department table where empno = deptno without using joins.
SQL> select employee.empno, employee.ename, employee.salary, department.dname,
department.location
From department, employee
Where department.deptno = employee.empno;
Output:
EMPNO ENAME SALARY DNAME LOCATION
1 Mathi 30000 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
2 Arjun 32000 RESEARCH DALLAS
2 rows selected.

Q2. Write a query to extract ename, salary and location from employee and department table
where is like 30, 40.
SQL> selectemployee.ename, employee.salary, department.location
From department, employee
Where department.deptnoIN (30,40);
Output:
No rows Selected.

Conclusion:
To understand the query for extracting data from more than one table.

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Practical no 10

AIM: Write a query to understand the concepts for ROLL BACK, COMMIT &
CHECK POINTS.

Theory:
Transaction Control Language (TCL) commands are used to manage transactions in
database. These are used to manage the changes made by DML statements. It also allows
statements to be grouped together into logical transactions.
Commit command
Commit command is used to permanently save any transaction into database.
Following is Commit command's syntax,
COMMIT;
Rollback command
This command restores the database to last committed state. It is also use with savepoint
command to jump to a savepoint in a transaction.
Following is Rollback command's syntax,
rollback to savepoint-name;
Savepoint command
Savepoint command is used to temporarily save a transaction so that you can rollback to that
point whenever necessary.
Following is savepoint command's syntax,
savepointsavepoint-name;

QUERY:
Q1. Write a query to implement the save point.

SQL> select employee.empno, employee.ename, employee.salary, department.dname,

department.location
From department, employee
Where department.deptno = employee.empno;

SQL> SAVEPOINT S1;

Savepoint created.

Q2. Write a query to implement the Rollback.

SQL>ROLL BACK S1;
Rollback complete.

Conclusion: To understand the concept of rollback, save-points and commit statements.

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