FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER

SYSTEM
2nd Lecture
 OUTLINES

▪ Feature of Computer
▪ Computer Types
▪ Data Communication
➢ Data Transmission
▪ Computer Operations
▪ Common Issues
▪ Mobile Devices
▪ Digital Convergence
▪ Digital Information Age
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 FEATURES OF A COMPUTER

Speed A computer takes only a few seconds to perform calculations. It

executes more than one million instructions per second.

Accuracy A computer provides correct output when correct instructions and

data are given.

Efficiency A computer never gets tired. It can work round the clock with the
same level of accuracy.

Versatility A computer can be used to perform many tasks simultaneously.

This is one of the special features of a computer.

Storing and A computer is used to store large number of data and information
Retrieving in a relatively small unit and we can retrieve them easily and
quickly when needed.
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 COMPUTER TYPES

Super Computer Analog Computers

Mainframe Computer Digital Computers

Mini Computer Hybrid Computers

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 ACCORDING TO TECHNOLOGY

▪ These computers use analog signals such as

environmental parameters (speed, pressure, and
temperature). Speedometers, road lamps with
sensors, meteorological machines can be given as
examples.
▪ The computers used in day-to-day life are called
digital computers. These computers use digital
signals, using electricity.
▪ This is a combination of analog and digital
computers. The ECG machine used in hospitals to
check the function of the heart is an example for
hybrid computers. This machine identifies the
function of the heart beat which is an analog
signal. Then it is converted to a digital signal and
these converted signals are printed by this
machine. 5
BASIC COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR DATA COMMUNICATION

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DATA TRANSMISSION MODES

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2) HALF- DUPLEX MODE

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3) FULL DUPLEX MODE

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 DATA TRANSMISSION MEDIA
▪ This is another important feature when creating connections among systems. There
are two types of data transmission medium. Those are called Guided/Wired and
Unguided/Wireless.

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 BASIC COMPUTER OPERATIONS
1.Booting up: This is the process of starting up the computer by loading the
operating system (OS) into memory. The computer runs a series of checks to
ensure all hardware is working correctly before loading the OS.

2.Logging in: After booting up, you will need to log in to access your user
account. This requires entering your username and password.

3.Running programs: Once you have logged in, you can run programs on your
computer. Programs can include web browsers, office applications, media
players, and more.

4.Accessing data: You can access data stored on your computer or other
connected devices, such as external hard drives or cloud storage services.
This can include files, documents, photos, and other media.

5.Connecting to the internet: You can connect to the internet to access

websites, download files, and communicate with others online. This typically 11
involves using a web browser to access websites and other online services.
 BASIC COMPUTER OPERATIONS
6.Communicating with other devices: You can communicate with other devices
connected to your computer, such as printers, scanners, or other peripherals.
This allows you to print documents, scan images, and perform other tasks.

7.Saving and backing up data: It’s important to save and back up your data
regularly to avoid data loss. You can save data to your local hard drive, external
hard drives, or cloud storage services.

8.Shutting down: When you’re finished using your computer, you should shut it
down properly. This involves closing all programs and files, saving any changes,
and shutting down the OS.

9.Troubleshooting: If you experience issues with your computer, you may need to
troubleshoot the problem. This can involve diagnosing hardware or software
issues, performing updates, or reinstalling drivers.

10.Security: It’s important to keep your computer secure by using antivirus

software, firewalls, and other security measures. This helps protect your data
and prevent unauthorized access to your system. 12
 COMMON ISSUES OF BASIC COMPUTER

▪ Slow performance: Computers can become slow and unresponsive due to a variety
of factors, such as lack of storage space, outdated hardware, or malware.

▪ Malware and viruses: Malware and viruses can infect computers and cause a range
of problems, including data loss, system crashes, and identity theft.

▪ Hardware failures: Computer hardware components can fail over time, leading to
issues like system crashes, data loss, and display problems.

▪ Software glitches: Software applications can sometimes malfunction or crash,

leading to issues like data loss or unresponsive programs.

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 COMMON ISSUES OF BASIC COMPUTER

▪ Driver problems: Drivers are software components that enable hardware devices to
communicate with the operating system. If drivers become outdated or corrupted, it
can lead to issues like hardware failures or system crashes.

▪ Compatibility issues: Sometimes software applications or hardware components

may not be compatible with each other, leading to issues like system crashes or
display problems.

▪ Internet connectivity issues: Problems with internet connectivity can lead to issues
like slow loading web pages, interrupted downloads, and difficulty accessing online
services.

▪ User error: Users can sometimes make mistakes or accidentally delete files or
programs, leading to issues like data loss or unresponsive programs.

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 MOBILE DEVICES

• Digital Convergence
➢ How is the trend of digital convergence seen in the market?

• Telephony: Smartphones and Beyond

• Tablets, Netbooks, and Ultrabooks

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TELEPHONY: SMARTPHONES AND BEYOND

1. What hardware and software comprise a

typical smartphone?
2. How do I synchronize information between
my phone and my computer, and how do
mobile Internet data plans work?
3. What do I need to keep my smartphone
secure?
4. How does digital telephony support VoIP
services?

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TABLETS, NETBOOKS, AND ULTRABOOKS

6. What distinguishes the performance of

tablets, netbooks, and ultrabooks?

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 DIGITAL CONVERGENCE

▪ Single unifying device

▪ Media, Internet, entertainment, and
telephony needs
▪ in the evolution of Smartphones
▪ Electronics systems in cars

▪ Digital Living Network Alliance

(DLNA) different devices used in
our homes

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 TELEPHONY: SMARTPHONES AND BEYOND

Telephony—use of equipment to
provide voice communications over a
distance which has shifted from an
analog science to a digital one.

▪ Smartphone functions and features

▪ Cellular (cell) phones
▪ Mobile, cellular technology

▪ Feature phones

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 SMARTPHONE COMPONENTS

• Additional memory
• Smartphone operating systems

▪ Memory stores information and programs

▪ OS—read-only memory (ROM)
▪ Data is stored in separate internal memory chips

▪ Primary input devices (Microphone, Touch pad)

▪ Output devices

▪ Speaker

▪ Liquid crystal display (LCD)

▪ OLED: newer display screen (Organic Light-Emitting Diode)

➢ use LED technology and organic material as a light emitting layer 20

TELEPHONY: SMARTPHONES AND BEYOND

How Cell Phone Technology Works

▪ Cellular network

▪ Base transceiver station

▪ Mobile switching center

▪ Digital processing

▪ Synchronizing (updating data)

▪ Two main ways to transfer information
▪ Wired / Wireless

▪ Wired solutions
▪ USB port / Flash card

▪ Wireless synchronization 21
 SMARTPHONES AND BEYOND TEXT MESSAGING

▪ Short message service (SMS)

▪ Short text messages
▪ Up to 160 characters
▪ Convenient and quick
▪ Uses cell phone network

▪ Multimedia message service (MMS)

• Connection speed will depend on which

technology you are using (3G, 4G LTE)

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 SMARTPHONES AND BEYOND VOIP

▪ Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

▪ Digital phone service

▪ Technology similar to e-mail

▪ Skype is one very well-known

provider.
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 SMARTPHONES AND BEYOND VOIP

▪ Calls can be placed anywhere you have Internet access

▪ Free or low-cost long-distance calling
▪ Portability
▪ Drawbacks
▪ Sound quality and reliability
▪ Loss of service at home if power is out
▪ Security risks

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 SMARTPHONES AND BEYOND SMARTPHONE GPS

▪ Enhanced 911 program

▪ Automatically gives precise location

▪ Built and operated by the U.S.

Department of Defense

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 TABLETS, NETBOOKS, ULTRABOOKS TABLETS

▪ Smartphone and tablet similarities

▪ Operating systems
▪ Processors
▪ Touch-screen interfaces
▪ Long battery life
▪ Similar software applications
▪ Similar Internet connectivity
▪ Bluetooth

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 TABLETS, NETBOOKS, ULTRABOOKS

▪ Ultrabooks
▪ Netbooks ▪ Full-featured computers
▪ Traditional OS ▪ Very thin, lightweight
▪ Physical Keyboard computing solution
▪ Weigh 2 pounds or less ▪ Don’t have optical drives
▪ Inexpensive compared ▪ Offer SSD drives
with tablets and ultrabooks ▪ Weigh under 3 pounds
▪ Full-size keyboards
▪ 13- to 15-inch screens

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 TABLETS, NETBOOKS, ULTRABOOKS

MAKING A CHOICE

▪ Guidelines to determine what fits your personal needs

▪ Screen size and style of keyboard

▪ Weight
▪ Number of devices

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 THE DIGITAL INFORMATION AGE

• Digital Defined
➢ What advantage do digital formats have over
analog signals?

• Digital Media
➢ How is the digital format changing the way media
is created and distributed?

➢ How do I work with digital images and videos?

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 DIGITAL DEFINED

▪ Any kind of information can

be digitized

▪ Digital formats
▪ Long strings of numbers

▪ Analog-to-digital conversion
▪ Conversion process gives the
digital form of the wave

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 DIGITAL MEDIA: DIGITAL PUBLISHING

▪ Software for PC or Apple computers

▪ Kindle and the NOOK
➢ free software that run on either PC or
Apple computers.
➢ Download texts as PDF
➢ by using Browser add-ons
▪ Digital formats
▪ Vendors associated with e-reader
devices
➢ Amazon sells the Kindle.
➢ Barnes and Noble sells the NOOK.
▪ Project Gutenberg – free book site
▪ Easier Self-publishing 31
 DIGITAL MEDIA: DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY

▪ Digital cameras
▪ Do not use film
▪ Capture images and video
▪ Convert them to digital data

▪ Factors that determine image quality

▪ Quality of lenses
▪ Image sensor size
▪ File format and compression applied
▪ Color management software
▪ Camera's resolution (width and height) 32