1.

Linear Transformations

(1) In each of the following determine whether T : R2 → R2 is a linear transformation:

(a) T (a, b) = (1, b)
(b) T (a, b) = (a, a2 )
(c) T (a, b) = (|a|, b)
(d) T (a, b) = (a + 1, b)
(2) Consider C as a vector space over R. Which of the following f : C → R are linear
functionals?
(a) f (a + ib) = a,
(b) f (a + ib) = b,
(c) f (a + ib) = a2 ,
(d) f (a + ib) = a√− ib,
(e) f (a + ib) = a2 + b2 .
What happens if you consider C as a vector space over C?
(3) Which of the following f : C3 → C are linear functionals?
(a) f (a, b, c) = a + b,
(b) f (a, b, c) = b − c2 ,
(c) f (a, b, c) = a + 2b − 3c.
(4) Which of the following f : P (R) → R are linear functionals?
R1
(a) f (p) = −1 p(t)dt,
R1
(b) f (p) = 0 (p(t))2 dt,
(c) f (p) = 01 p(t 2 )dt,
R
R1 2
(d) f (p) = −1 t p(t)dt,
(e) f (p) = d p/dt evaluated at t = 0.
(f) f (p) = d 2 p/dt 2 evaluated at t = 1.
(5) Which of the following T is a linear transformation?
(a) T : C1 [0, 1] → R with T (u) = 01 (u(t))2 dt.
R

(b) T : C1 [0, 1] → R2 with T (u) = ( 01 u(t) dt, u0 (0)).

R
onto
(c) T : Pn (R) −→ R with T (p(x)) = p(α), for a fixed α ∈ R.
(6) In each of the following, determine whether a linear transformation T with the given
properties exists:
(a) T : R2 → R3 with T (1, 1) = (1, 0, 2) and T (2, 3) = (1, −1, 4).
(b) T : R3 → R2 with T (1, 0, 3) = (1, 1) and T (−2, 0, −6) = (2, 1).
(c) T : R3 → R2 with T (1, 1, 0) = (0, 0), T (0, 1, 1) = (1, 1) and T (1, 0, 1) = (1, 0).
(d) T : P3 → R with T (a + bt 2 ) = 0 for any a, b ∈ R.
(7) Let S : C1 [0, 1] → C[0, 1] and T : C[0, 1] → R be defined by
Z 1
0
S(u) = u and T (v) = v(t) dt.
0
Find, if possible, ST and T S. Are they linear transformations?
 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERS: ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS 11

(8) Check whether there exist a linear map T : C3 → C3 satisfying

T (1, i, −i) = (3i, 2i, −i),
T (i, 2i, −i) = (5, i, 1 + i),
T (−1, 2i − 2, 1 − 2i) = (11i, 4i − 1, 1 − 2i)?
(9) Determine all operators on R2 which map the line y = x into the line y = 3x.
(10) Denote by CR the vector space C over the field R. Give an example of an operator
on CR which is not an operator on C.

2. Rank and nullity

(1) Let D be the differentiation operator on Pn (R). What is rankD?

(2) Let T : R4 → R4 be the linear transformation defined by
T (a, b, c, d) = (a − b, b + c, c − d, b + d).
What is nullity of T ? Is it surjective?
(3) Find the rank and nullity of the linear transformation T : C4 → C4 given by
T (a, b, c, d) = (a + b − 3c + d, a − b − c − d, 2a + b + 2c + d, a + 3b + 3d).
Give a basis for R(T ). Also, find dim(R(T ) ∩ span{(1, 1, 2, 2), (2, 0, 0, 5)}).
(4) Find the rank and nullity of the linear transformation T : P6 → P6 given by
T (p(t)) = p0 (t).
(5) Let T : F6 → F3 be a linear transformation such that
N(T ) = {(x1 , . . . , x6 ) ∈ F6 : x2 = 2x1 , x4 = 4x3 , x6 = 6x5 }.
Show that T is surjective.
(6) Show that there does not exist a linear transformation from F5 to F2 whose null space
is equal to {(x1 , . . . , x5 ) ∈ F5 : x2 = 2x1 , x4 = 4x3 , x5 = 6x4 }.
(7) Let U and V be finite dimensional vector spaces. Let T : U → V be a linear transfor-
mation. Give reasons for the following:
(a) rank(T ) ≤ dim(U).
(b) T surjective implies dim(V ) ≤ dim(U).
(c) T injective implies dim(U) ≤ dim(V ).
(d) dim(U) > dim(V ) implies T is not injective.
(e) dim(U) < dim(V ) implies T is not surjective.
(8) Prove that if S : U → V and T : V → W are linear transformations such that T S is
bijective, then T injective and S is surjective.
(9) Let f be a linear functional on an n-dimensional vector space V. What is the nullity
of f ?
(10) Let T be a linear operator on a finite dimensional vector space V. Is it true that
V = R(T ) ⊕ N(T )?
(11) Find operators S and T on R2 such that ST = 0 but T S 6= 0.
12 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERS: ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

(12) Let S, T : C[a, b] → C[a, b] be defined by

Z t
[S(x)](t) = x(s)ds, [(T (x)](t) = tx(t) for x ∈ C[a, b], t ∈ [a, b].
a
Show that the map x 7→ S(x)T (x) is not a linear transformation.

3. Matrix representations

(1) Let T : R3 → R3 be defined by T (a, b, c) = (b + c, c + a, a + b). Find [T ]B,E in each

of the following cases.
(a) B = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)}, E = {(1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)}
(b) B = {(1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)}, E = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)}
(2) Let T : P3 → P2 be defined by T (a0 + a1t + a2t 2 + a3t 3 ) = a1 + 2a2t + 3a3t 2 . Find
[T ]B,E in each of the following cases.
(a) B = {1,t,t 2 ,t 3 }, E = {1 + t, 1 − t,t 2 }
(b) B = {1, 1 + t, 1 + t + t 2 ,t 3 }, E = {1, 1 + t, 1 + t + t 2 }
(3) Let T be the operator on C2 defined by T (a, b) = (a, 0). Let B be the standard ba-
sis of C2 . Let E = {(1, i), (−i, 2)} be another basis of C2 . Determine the matrices
[T ]B , [T ]E , [T ]B,E and [T ]E,B .
(4) Denote by CR the vector space of all complex numbers over the field R, and let
T : CR → CR be defined by T z = z. What is [T ]E with respect to the basis E = {1, i}?
(5) Let S, T : R3 → R3 be given by
S(a, b, c) = (a + 2b + c, a − b − c, b + 3c), T (a, b, c) = (c, b, a).
Consider bases B = {e1 , e2 , e3 } and E = {(1, 2, 3), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0)} for R3 . Deter-
mine the matrices [ST ]B,E , [ST ]E,B , [T S]B,E , and [T S]E,B .
(6) Let θ ∈ (0, π). Let A, B ∈ R2×2 be given by
   
cos θ − sin θ cos θ sin θ
A= , B= .
sin θ cos θ sin θ − cos θ
Explain why A represents rotation and B represents reflection. By using matrix prod-
ucts, show that
(a) rotation following rotation is rotation,
(b) rotation following reflection is reflection,
(c) reflection following rotation is reflection, and
(d) reflection following reflection is rotation.
(7) Let T : R3 → R3 be defined by T (α, β, γ) = (β + γ, γ + α, α + β). Determine [T ]B,E ,
where
(a) B = {(1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0)}, E = {(0, 0, 1), (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0)}.
(b) B = {(1, 1, −1), (−1, 1, 1), (1, −1, 1)},
E ={(−1, 1, 1),
 (1, −1,  −1)}.
 1), (1, 1,  
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
(8) Let B = , , , , E = {1, t, t 2 } and F = {1}.
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
(a) Define T : R2×2 → R2×2 by T (A) = AT . Compute [T ]B,B .
 LINEAR ALGEBRA FOR ENGINEERS: ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS 13

f 0 (0) 2 f (1)
 
(b) Define T : P2 (R) → R2×2 by T ( f ) = . Compute [T ]F,E .
0 f 0 (3)
(c) Define T : R2×2 → R by T (A) = tr(A). Compute [T ]B,F .
(9) Let T : R3 → R3 be given by T (a, b, c) = (a + b, 2a − b − c, a + b + c). Consider the
bases B = {(1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)} and E = {(1, 2, 1), (2, 1, , 0), (3, 2, 1)} for R3 .
Determine the matrices [T ]B,B , [T ]B,E , [T ]E,B , and [T ]E,E . Also, find the rank(s) of all
these matrices.
(10) Let T : Pn → Pn be given by P(q)(t) = q(t + 1). Determine [T ] with respect to the
standard basis of Pn .
(11) Let B = {u1 , . . . , un } be an ordered basis of a vector space V. Let f be a linear func-
tional on V. Prove that there exists a unique (β1 , . . . , βn ) ∈ Fn such that f (α1 u1 +
. . . + αn un ) = α1 β1 + . . . + αn βn . Conclude that the matrix representation [ f ]B,{1} is
the row vector [β1 · · · βn ].
(12) Let {v1 , . . . , vn } be a basis for a vector space V. Let E be the standard basis of Fn×1 .
Define a map f : V → Fn×1 by f (v) = [v]E . Show that f is an invertible linear trans-
formation.
(13) Let B = {v1 , . . . , vn } be a basis for a vector space V. Let T be an operator on V. Show
that T is invertible iff [T ]B,B is an invertible matrix.
(14) Let B and E be bases for the finite dimensional vector spaces U and V, respectively.
If S, T : U → V are linear transformations and α ∈ F, then show that [S + T ]B,E =
[S]B,E + [T ]B,E and [αT ]B,E = α[T ]B,E .
(15) Let S and T be operators on a vector space of dimension n. Show that
rank(S) + rank(T ) − n ≤ rank(ST ) ≤ min{rank(S), rank(T )}.
Give examples, where strict inequalities hold.

(1, 0, −1) and T (e3 ) = w = (− −1, 0). What is [T ]B,B where B = {u, v, w}?
(3) Consider the standard basis B and E = {(1, 2, 3), (3, 2, 1), (0, 0, 1)} for R3 . Determine
the change of basis matrices [I]B,E and [I]E,B . For the linear transformation T : R3 →
R3 defined by T (a, b, c) = (6a + b, a − b − c, 2a − b + 3c), determine the matrices
[T ]B,B , [T ]B,E , [T ]E,B , and [T ]E,E .
(4) Determine the change of basis matrix in each of the following cases, considering the
vector space as Rn :
(a) Old basis is {e1 , . . . , en } and new basis is {en , . . . , e1 }.
(b) Old basis is {e1 , . . . , en } and new basis is {e1 + e2 , . . . , en−1 + en }.
(c) Old basis is {e1 − e2 , . . . , en−1 − en } and new basis is {e1 , . . . , en }.
(5) Show that each n × n matrix is equivalent to its transpose.
(6) Given any invertible matrix A ∈ Fn×n , show that ordered bases B and E can be chosen
for Fn×1 such that A = [I]B,E .