ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I

MATLAB

Department of Science and Humanities

Introduction to MATLAB

➢ MATLAB is a programming language developed by MathWorks.

➢ MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory.
➢ MATLAB is a program for doing numerical computation. It was
originally designed for solving linear algebra type problems using
matrices.
➢ While other programming languages mostly work with numbers
one at a time, MATLAB is designed to operate primarily on whole
matrices and arrays.
Introduction to MATLAB, Continued…

➢ Using MATLAB, an image (or any other data like sound, etc.) can
be converted to a matrix and then various operations can be
performed on it to get the desired results and values.
➢ MATLAB is a fourth-generation high-level programming language
and interactive environment for numerical computation,
visualization and programming.
➢ It has numerous built-in commands and math functions that help
in mathematical calculations, generating plots, and performing
numerical methods.
MATLAB's Power of Computational Mathematics

➢ MATLAB is used in every fact of computational mathematics.

Following are some commonly used mathematical calculations
where MATLAB is used:
• Dealing with Matrices and Arrays
• 2-D and 3-D Plotting and graphics
• Linear Algebra
• Algebraic Equations
• Statistics
MATLAB's Power of Computational Mathematics, Continued…

• Data Analysis
• Calculus and Differential Equations
• Numerical Calculations
• Integration
• Transforms
• Curve Fitting
• Special Functions
 Uses of MATLAB

➢ MATLAB is widely used as a computational tool in Science and

Engineering covering the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics,
and all engineering streams.

➢ It is used in a range of applications including:

• Signal Processing and Communications

• Algorithm development

• Control Systems

• Computational Finance; Computational Biology

Local Environment Setup

➢ Setting up MATLAB environment is a matter of few clicks.

➢ MathWorks provides the licensed product, a trial version, and a
student version as well.
➢ We need to log into the site and wait a little for their approval.
➢ After downloading the installer, the software can be installed
through few clicks.
Local Environment Setup, Continued...
Local Environment Setup, Continued...
Understanding the MATLAB Environment
Understanding the MATLAB Environment, Continued…
➢ The desktop has the following panels:
➢ Current Folder: This panel allows us to access the project folders
and files.
Understanding the MATLAB Environment, Continued…

➢ Command Window: This is the main area where commands can

be entered at the command line. It is indicated by the command
prompt (>>).
Understanding the MATLAB Environment, Continued…

➢ Workspace: The workspace shows all the variables created

and/or imported from files.
Understanding the MATLAB Environment, Continued…

➢ Command History: This panel shows or return commands that

are entered at the command line.
 MATLAB Screen
• Command Window
• type commands

• Current Directory
• View folders and m-files

• Workspace
• View program variables
• Double click on a variable
to see it in the Array Editor

• Command History
• view past commands
• save a whole session
using diary

15
Hands on Practice

➢ MATLAB environment behaves like a super-complex calculator.

We can enter commands at the >> command prompt.
➢ In MATLAB, we give a command and it executes the command
right away.
➢ Type a valid expression, for example, >>20 + 21; and press
ENTER.
➢ When we click the Execute button, MATLAB executes it
immediately and the result returned is ans=41.
 Hands on Practice, Continued…

➢ Let us take up few more examples:

➢ >>3 ^ 2 (%3 raised to the power of 2). When we click the Execute
button, MATLAB executes it immediately and the result returned is
ans=9.
➢ >>sin(pi/2). (% sine of angle 90). When we click the Execute
button, MATLAB executes it immediately and the result returned is
ans=1.
➢ >>7/0 (% Divide by zero). When we click the Execute button,
MATLAB executes it immediately and the result returned is ans=Inf.
 Hands on Practice, Continued…

➢ >>732 * 20.3. When we click the Execute button, MATLAB

executes it immediately and the result returned is
ans=1.4860e+04.
➢ MATLAB provides some special expressions for some mathematical
symbols, like pi for 𝜋, Inf for ∞, 𝑖 (and 𝑗) for −1 .
➢ In MATLAB, NaN stands for 'not a number'.
For example, >> 0/0; -inf/inf
 Use of Semicolon (;) in MATLAB

➢ Semicolon (;) indicates end of statement. However, if we want to

suppress and hide the MATLAB output for an expression, add a
semicolon after the expression.
➢ For example, >>x = 5; y = x + 5. When we click the Execute button,
MATLAB executes it immediately and the result returned is y=8.
 Adding Comments in MATLAB

➢ To add comments to MATLAB code, we use the percent ( % )

symbol. Comment lines can appear anywhere in a program file,
and we can add comments to the end of a line of code.
For example, y = sum(x) % Use the sum function
Commonly used Operators and Special Characters
Operation Symbol Example

Addition + 5+3=8

Subtraction - 5-3=2

Multiplication * 5*3=15

Right Division / 5/3=1.6667

Left Division \ 5/3=3\5=1.667

Exponentiation ^ 5^3=125
Special Variables and Constants

MATLAB supports the following special variables and constants:

Naming Variables

➢ Variable names consist of a letter followed by any number of

letters, digits or underscore.
➢ MATLAB is case-sensitive.
➢ For example, >>x = 10 (% defining x and initializing it with a
value). MATLAB will execute the above statement and return
the following result x = 10.
➢ >>x = sqrt(25) (% defining x and initializing it with an
expression) MATLAB will execute the above statement and
return the result as x = 5.
Naming Variables, Continued…

➢ Note that once a variable is entered into the system, we can

refer to it later. Variables must have values before they are
used. When an expression returns a result that is not assigned
to any variable, the system assigns it to a variable named
answer, which can be used later.
➢ For example, >>x = 7 * 8; y = x * 7.89. MATLAB will execute the
above statement and return the following result y = 441.8400.
Multiple assignments

➢ We can have multiple assignments on the same line.

➢ For example, >> a = 2; b = 7; c = a * b
➢ MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
result c = 14.
I have forgotten the Variables

➢ The who command displays all the variable names we have

used.
➢ MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
result: Your variables are: ans - - - …
➢ The whos command. MATLAB will execute the above statement
and return the following result.
I have forgotten the Variables

>> clear x. It will delete x, won't display anything.

>> clear. It will delete all variables in the workspace.
>> clc. It clears all the text from the Command Window, resulting
in a clear screen.
Long Assignments

➢ Long assignments can be extended to another line as follows:

>> initial_velocity = 0;
>> acceleration = 9.8;
>> time = 20;
>> Final_velocity = initial_velocity + acceleration * time
➢ MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
following result: final velocity = 196.
The format Command

➢ By default, MATLAB displays numbers with four decimal place

values. This is known as short format.
➢ However, if we want more precision, then we need to use
the format command.
➢ The format long command displays 15 digits after the decimal
point.
➢ For example: >> format long
>> x = 7 + 10/3 + 5 ^ 1.2
➢ MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
following result: x = 17.231981640639408.
The format Command, Continued…

Another example,
>> format short
>> x = 7 + 10/3 + 5 ^ 1.2
➢ MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
following result: x = 17.232
➢ The format bank command rounds numbers to two decimal
places.
The format Command, Continued…

For example,
>> format bank
>> daily_wage = 177.45; weekly_wage = daily_wage * 6
➢ MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
following result: weekly_wage = 1064.70
➢ MATLAB displays large numbers using exponential notation.
➢ The format short e command allows displaying in exponential
form with four decimal places plus the exponent.
The format Command, Continued…

➢ For example,
>> format short e
>> 4.678 * 4.9
➢ MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
following result: ans = 2.2922e+01
➢ The format long e command allows displaying in exponential
form with fifteen decimal places plus the exponent.
The format Command, Continued…
➢ For example, >> format long e
>> x = pi
➢ MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
following result: x = 3.141592653589793e+00
➢ The format rat command gives the closest rational expression
resulting from a calculation.
➢ For example, >> format rat
>> 4.678 * 4.9
➢ MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
following result: ans = 34177/1491
Creating Vectors

➢ A vector is a one-dimensional array of numbers.

➢ MATLAB allows creating two types of vectors:
➢ Row vectors and Column vectors.
➢ Row vectors are created by enclosing the set of elements in
square brackets, using space or comma.
➢ For example, >> X = [7 8 9 10 11]. MATLAB will execute the
above statement and return the following result:
X=

7 8 9 10 11
Creating Vectors, Continued…

➢ Another example,
>> X = [7 8 9 10 11]; >> Y = [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]; >> Z = X +Y
➢ MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
following result:
Z=
9 11 13 15 17
Creating Vectors, Continued…

➢ Column vectors are created by enclosing the set of elements in

square brackets, using semicolon(;).
➢ For example, >> X = [7; 8; 9; 10]
➢ MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the
following result:
X=
7
8
9
10
Creating matrices

➢ A matrix is a two-dimensional array of numbers.

➢ In MATLAB, a matrix is created by entering each row as a
sequence of space or comma separated elements, and end of a
row is terminated by a semicolon.
➢ For example, let us create a 3-by-3 matrix as
>>A = [1 2 3 4; 4 5 6 7; 7 8 9 10]
Creating matrices, Continued…

➢ MATLAB will execute the above statement and return the

following result:
A=
1 2 3 4
4 5 6 7
7 8 9 10
 Elementary Math Built – In Functions
Function Description Examples

sqrt(x) Square root >>sqrt(81)

ans=9
nthroot(x,n) Real nth root of a real number x. (If x is negative n >>nthroot(8,3)
must be an odd integer). ans=2

exp(x) Exponential(e^x) >>exp(5)

ans=1.484131591025766e+02
abs(x) Absolute value >>abs(-24)
ans=24
log(x) Natural logarithm. Base e logarithm (ln) >>log(1000)
ans=6.907755278982137e+00
log10(x) Base 10 logarithm >>log10(1000)
ans=3
factorial(x) The factorial function x! >>factorial(5)
(x must be a psitive integer) ans=120
 Trigonometric Math Functions
Function Description Examples
sin(x) Sine of angle x ( x in radians) >>sin(pi/6) ans=0.5000
sind(x) Sine of angle x (x in degrees) >>sind(30) ans=0.5000

cos(x) Cosine of angle x (x in radians) >>cos(0.5) ans=0.8776

cosd(x) Cosine of angle x (x in degrees) >>cosd(30) ans=0.8660

tan(x) Tangent of angle x (x in radians) >>tan(pi/6) ans=0.5774

tand(x) Tangent of angle x (x in degrees) >>tand(45) ans=1

cotx) Cotangent of angle x (x in radians) >>cot(0.5) ans=1.8305

cotd(x) Cotangent of angle x ( x in degrees) >>cotd(90) ans=1

asin(x) Inverse of sine of angle x (x in radians) >>asin(0.5) ans=0.5236

asind(x) Inverse of sine angle x ( x in degrees) >>asin(0.8660) ans=59.9971

acos(x) Inverse of cosine of angle x (x in radians) >>acos(0.3) ans=1.2661

acosd(x) Inverse of cosine angle x ( x in degrees) >>acosd(0.5) ans=60
 Rounding Functions
Function Description Examples
round(x) Round to the nearest integer >>round(25/3) ans=8
>>round(4.49) ans=4
>>round(4.5) ans=5
>>round(4.9999) ans=5
fix(x) Round towards zero. In other words, chops off the >>fix(17/5) ans=3
fraction part. >>fix(4.49) ans=4
>>fix(4.9999) ans=4
>>fix(-4.6674) ans=-4
ceil(x) Round towards positive infinity. >>ceil(27/2) ans=14
>>ceil(2.1) ans=3
>>ceil(2.9) ans=3
>>ceil(-4.99) ans=-4
floor(x) Round towards minus infinity >>floor(-9/4) ans=-3
>>floor(2.1) ans=2
>>floor(2.99) ans=2
rem(x,y) Returns the remainder after x is divided by y >>rem(13,5) ans=3
 Examples for Arithmetic operators

1) Calculate the following using MATLAB.

1 4 6
2
+ ∗
2+3 5 7
>>a=1/(2+3^2)
a=
0.0909
>>b=4/5
b=
0.8000
>>c=6/7
c=
0.8571
>>a+b*c
ans=
0.7766
2. Find the value of 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑎 sin x + 10 𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 = 5, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 8.
>>a=5; x=2; y=8;
y=exp(-a)*sin(x)+10*sqrt(y)
y=
2.829039804533026e+013.
𝜋
3. Compute sin , 𝑒 10 .
4
>>sin(pi/4)
ans=0.7071
>>exp(10)
ans=2.2026e+004
Reference:
1. Getting started with MATLAB, Rudra Pratap, Oxford University
Press, 7th Edition, 2016.
2. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/matlab/matlab_data_import.
htm
THANK YOU