Introduction to Communication Systems

COURSE TEACHER: PROF. DR. M. A MATIN

MAY 08, 2017

 Course Learning Outcomes

1. demonstrate an understanding of basic principles

and concepts in communication engineering
2. evaluate the design parameters of communication
system
3. identify, compare and explain the operation of
various modulation and demodulation techniques
as they apply to communication system
4. analyze the performance of a communication
system in the presence of noise
5. demonstrate and analyze the multiple access
techniques
 Course Syllabus

 Overview of communication systems

 Continuous wave modulation (amplitude
modulation and angle modulation)
 Pulse modulation
 Basics of digital modulation
 Modern Communications
 References

 B. P Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems,

Oxford University press
 M A Matin, Communication Systems for Electrical Engineers,
Springer
 Couch, Leon W.. Digital and Analog Communication Systems,
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
 B Skalar, Digital Communications-Fundamentals and
Applications, Pearson
 Grading

 Quizzes
 Midterm exam
 Final exam
Last Comment: 10 things not to do in class

 Read the paper

 Do Assignment/homework for another class
 Eat something smelly
 Come to class unprepared
 Talk out loud to friends
 Have your cell phone ring
 Walk in late
 Sleep
 Walk out early
 Lecture outline

 How communication systems work.

 Understanding of Signal, Frequency, Spectrum
and Bandwidth.
 Information representation.

 Performance measure.
 Lecture 1

Concept and Model of Communications

General Communications: face-to-face conversation, write a letter, etc.

Electronic Communications: telephone, wireless phone, TV, radar, etc.

General Communication Model

Source S(t) T(t) Transmission Tr(t) Sd(t) Source

Transmitter Receiver
encoder System decoder

Microphone Transformer Line/Cable Transformer Speaker

Telephone Encoder Fiber/Air Decoder Earphone
Computer Compress Satellite Uncompress Computer
Scanner Modulator Network Demodulator Printer

Basic Communication Criteria: Performance, Reliability, Security

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM BLOCK DIAGRAM

Text
b1b2 ...
Focus of this class bˆ1bˆ2 ...
Images x (t ) xˆ ( t )
Video m (t ) mˆ (t )
Source Source
Encoder Transmitter Channel Receiver Decoder

 Source encoder converts message into message signal or bits.

 Transmitter converts message signal or bits into format appropriate
for channel transmission (analog/digital signal).
 Channel introduces distortion, noise, and interference.
 Receiver decodes received signal back to message signal.
 Source decoder decodes message signal back into original message.
 Lecture 1
Analog Signal and Digital Signal
Information must be converted into
electrical energy, called signal, before transmission.
s(t) voltage
Text, voice
Video, etc
t
Digital Converter Digital Signal
Text, voice Encoder s(t) voltage
Video, etc
Analog t
Analog Signal

Input Signal s(t) General Output Signal o(t) =H[s(t)]

Communication
Component – H()
2
Signal Power: s (t) Digital-to-Digital
Signal Energy: Analog-to-Digital
ʃs 2(t)dt Digital-to-Analog
Analog-to-Analog
 Lecture 1
Signal Frequency, Spectrum and Bandwidth

Signal in frequency domain

Signal in time domain Transformation Spectrum
s(t) Periodic
cos2πf1t S(f)
T=1/f1
t f
f: frequency
T f1
S(f)
period
A B
s(t)=Acos2πf1t + Bcos2πf2t T=LCM(1/f1, 1/f2) f
f1 f2
s(t) S(f)
Aperiodic

t Fourier Transform
Analogy Signal Bandwidth
f
S(f)=ʃs(t)e
s(t) -j2πf S(f)
df

t f
Digital Signal Bandwidth
 Lecture 1
Time-Frequency Relation and Signal Bandwidth

General Relations:
Time Domain Frequency Domain Signal Bandwidth
Change Slow Low Frequency small
Change Fast High Frequency large

Frequency Unit: Hertz (Hz), Kilohertz (KHz), Megahertz (MHz), Gigahertz (GHz), Terahertz (THz)

• Earthquake wave: 0.01 ~ 10 Hz

• Nuclear explosion signal: 0.01 ~ 10 Hz
• Electrocardiogram (ECG): 0 ~ 100 Hz
• Wind noise: 100 ~ 1000 Hz
• Speech: 100 ~ 4000 Hz (4 KHz)
• Audio: 20 ~ 20000 Hz (20 KHz)
• NTSC TV: 6 MHz
• HDTV: > 10 MHz
 Lecture 1

System Frequency Response & Bandwidth

Input Signal x(t) Output Signal y(t) =H[x(t)]

System: H()
Input Spectrum: Output Spectrum: Y(f)
X(f)

System Frequency Response: H(f) = Y(f)/X(f)

H(f)

System Bandwidth

f
Signal can pass
Signal can’t pass
 Lecture 1

Transmission Media

A transmission medium: - a connection between a sender and a receiver

- a signal can pass but with attenuation/distortion
- a special system with a transmission bandwidth

Guided (Wired) Media Unguided (Wireless) Media

(lines) (air, vacuum, water, etc.)
- Twisted pair (0~10MHz) - LF (30~300KHz, Navigation)
- Coaxial cable (100K~500MHz) - MF/HF (300~3000KHz, AM/SW radio)
- Optical fiber (180~370THz) - VHF (30~300MHz, TV & FM radio)
- UHF (0.3~3GHz, TV, mobile phone,
microwave)
- SHF (3~30GHz, satellite, microwave)
- EHF (30~300GHz, experimental com.
- Infrared (no frequency allocation)
 Lecture 1
Parallel Transmission and Serial Transmission
…011000110111010111…
Segment the 0/1 ?
stream into Sender Receiver
N bits groups
N N N N
… 01…00 01…10 11…10 10…11 …

Parallel Transmission Serial Transmission

0 0 0
1 1 1
1 1 0110001 1
0 Sender 0 0 Receiver
Sender Receiver
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 1 1
P/S converter S/P converter
7 (N) bits are sent together 7 (N) bits are sent one after another
7 (N) lines are needed Only 1 line is needed
 Lecture 1
Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission
Timing or synchronization between a sender and a receiver is very important for data transmission

Asynchronous transmission:
1) A bit stream is segmented into small groups  characters (5~8 bits)
2) Add a start bit (0) and a stop bit (1) at the beginning and end of each character
3) Frame= start_bit+character+stop_bit (7~10 bits), but 2/9~2/10 no real data
4) Arbitrary long gap between two characters or frames

1 0110001 0 1 1001100 0 1 0011101 0 1 1011100 0

Sender Receiver

Synchronous transmission:
1) A bit stream is segmented into relative large groups/blocks many characters or
bytes
2) Add control bits at the beginning and end of each block
3) Frame=H_control_bits+character+T_control_bits
4) No gap between two characters in a data block

Con_bits 0110001
... 0110001 1001100 0011101 1011100 Con_bits
Sender Receiver
 Lecture 1

Simplex Transmission and Duplex Transmission

Direction of data
Simplex Device A Device B
Transmission
One can send and the other can receive

Direction of data at time 1

Half Duplex Device A Device B
Transmission
Direction of data at time 2
Both can send and receive but in different time

Direction of data all the time

Full Duplex Device A Device B
Transmission
Both can send and receive simultaneously
INFORMATION REPRESENTATION

 Communication systems convert information into a format

appropriate for the transmission medium.
 Channels convey electromagnetic waves (signals).

 Analog communication systems convert (modulate) analog signals

into modulated (analog) signals

 Digital communication systems covert information in the form of bits

into binary/digital signals
 Types of Information:
 Analog Signals: Voice, Music, Temperature readings
 Analog signals or bits: Video, Images
 Bits: Text, Computer Data
 Analog signals can be converted into bits by quantizing/digitizing
ANALOG VS. DIGITAL SYSTEMS

 Analog signals x(t)

 Value varies continuously

t
 Digital signals
 Value limited to a finite set x(t)
Digital systems more robust
 Binary signals
 Has at most 2 values t
 Used to represent bit values x(t) 1 1
1
 Bit time T needed to send 1 bit
 Data rate R=1/T bits per second 0 T 0 0 0

t
 Analog vs. Digital Systems

 A digital communication system transfers

information from a digital source to the intended
receiver (also called the sink).
 An analog communication system transfers
information from an analog source to the sink.
 A digital waveform is defined as a function of
time that can have a discrete set of amplitude
values.
 An Analog waveform is a function that has a
continuous range of values.
 Digital Systems
 Advantages
 Relatively inexpensive digital circuits may be used;
 Privacy is preserved by using data encryption;
 Data from voice, video, and data sources may be merged and transmitted over a
common digital transmission system;
 In long-distance systems, noise dose not accumulate from repeater to repeater.
Data regeneration is possible
 Errors in detected data may be small, even when there is a large amount of noise
on the received signal;
 Errors may often be corrected by the use of coding.

 Disadvantages
 Generally, more bandwidth is required than that for analog systems;
 Synchronization is required.
FILTERING

 Filter response to h(t) is impulse response

d(t) LTI h(t)

Filter
 For any input x(t), filter output is x(t)*h(t)
x(t) x(t)*h(t)
h(t) Much easier to study filtering
X(f) in the frequency domain
H(f)X(f)

 Distortionless filter introduces amplitude gain and linear

phase shift (delay) only
CHANNEL DISTORTION

 Channels introduce linear distortion

 Electronic components introduce nonlinear distortion

 Simple equalizers invert channel distortion

Channel N(f) Equalizer

X(f) H(f) + 1/H(f) X(f)+N(f)/H(f)
PERFORMANCE METRICS

 Analog Communication Systems

 Metric is fidelity

 ^
Want m(t)m(t)

 Digital Communication Systems

 ^ are data rate (R bps) and probability of bit error
Metrics
(Pb=p(bb))
 Without noise, never make bit errors
 With noise, Pb depends on signal and noise power, data rate,
and channel characteristics.
 Performance Measure

We can measure the “GOODNESS” of a communication system in

many ways:

 How close is the estimate to the original signal m(t)

 Better estimate = higher quality transmission
 Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) for analog m(t)
 Bit Error Rate (BER) for digital m(t)

 How much power is required to transmit s(t)?

 Lower power = longer battery life, less interference

 How much bandwidth B is required to transmit s(t)?

 Less B means more users can share the channel
 Exception: Spread Spectrum -- users use same B.

 How much information is transmitted?

 In analog systems information is related to B of m(t).
 In digital systems information is expressed in bits/sec.
ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

Some of the advantages of digital communication over

analog communication are listed below:

 Digital communication is more robust than analog communication

because it can resist the channel noise and distortion much better as
long as the noise and distortion are within limits.
 The greatest advantage of digital communication over analog
communication is the viability of regenerative repeaters in the former.
 Digital hardware implementation is flexible and permits the use of
microprocessors, miniprocessors, digital switching and large scale
integrated circuits.
 Digital signals can be coded to yield extremely low error rates and high
fidelity as well as privacy.
 It is easier and more efficient to multiplex several digital signals.
 Digital signal storage is relatively easy and inexpensive.
DATA RATE LIMITS

 Data rate R limited by signal power, noise power, distortion, and bit
error probability
 Without distortion or noise, can have infinite data rate with Pb=0.
 Shannon capacity defines maximum possible data rate for systems
with noise and distortion
 High Rate achieved with bit error probability close to zero
 In white Gaussian noise channels, C=B log(1+SNR)
 Does not show how to design real systems

 Shannon obtained C=32 Kbps for phone channels

 Get higher rates with modems/DSL (use more BW)
MAIN POINTS

 Communication systems modulate analog signals or bits for transmission

over channel.

 The building blocks of a communication system convert information into

an electronic format for transmission, then convert it back to its original
format after reception.

 Goal of transmitter (modulator) and receiver (demodulator) is to

mitigate distortion/noise from the channel.

 Digital systems are more robust to noise and interference.

 Performance metric for analog systems is fidelity, for digital it is rate

and error probability.
 Data rates over channels with noise have a fundamental capacity limit.