2.

Hardware components in IoT

3
 Hardware components in IoT

• An IoT system is comprised of a number of functional blocks to facilitate

various utilities to the system such as,

• sensing,

• identification,

• actuation,

• communication, and

• management
3
IoT Hardware
building blocks

3
 Device Composition
• An IoT system is based on devices that provide sensing, actuation, control, and
monitoring activities.

• IoT devices can exchange data with other connected devices and application, or

• IoT device collect data from other devices and process the data either locally or send the
data to centralized servers or cloud based applications back-ends for processing the
data,
• IoT device perform some tasks locally and other tasks within IoT infrastructure based on
temporal and space constraints

9
 IoT Data
• Almost all IoT devices generate data in some form of the
other data which when processed by data analytics
systems generate useful information to guide further
actions locally or remotely,
• For instance, sensor data generated by a soil moisture
monitoring device in a garden, when processed can
help in determining the optimum watering schedules.
Soil moisture monitoring
 IoT connection
• IoT is a transformation process of connecting our smart devices and obje
network to perform efficiently and access remotely
• The modern smart sensors and devices use various ways to be connected

• The wireless networks like LORAWAN, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth makes it easy
them to stay connected.

• They have their own advantages and drawbacks that are classified in vario
efficiency rate, data transfer, and power
 Common sensors
• Temperature sensors and thermostats
• Pressure sensors
• Humidity / Moisture level
• Light intensity detectors
• Moisture sensors
• Proximity detection 19
Typical sensors type
Typical sensors type
 Temperature sensor
• A Temperature Sensor, as the name
suggests, senses the temperature i.e. it
measures the changes in the temperature

• In a Temperature Sensor, the changes in

the Temperature correspond to change in
its physical property like resistance or
voltage.
 Proximity Sensors

• A Proximity Sensor is a non- contact

type sensor that detects the presence
of an object.
• Some of the applications of Proximity
Sensors are Mobile Phones, Cars
(Parking Sensors), industries (object
alignment), Ground Proximity in
Aircrafts, etc.
 Infrared Sensor (IR Sensor)
• IR Sensors or Infrared Sensor
are light based sensor that are used in
various applications like Proximity and
Object Detection.
• IR Sensors are used as proximity
sensors in almost all mobile phones.
• Different applications where IR Sensor
is implemented are Mobile Phones,
Robots, Industrial assembly,
automobiles etc.
 Ultrasonic Sensor
• An Ultrasonic Sensor is
a non-contact type device that
can be used to measure distance as well as
velocity of an object.

• An Ultrasonic Sensor works based on

the properties of the sound waves
with frequency greater than that of the
human audible range.
 Temperature and Humidity
Sensor
• DHT11 is a Humidity and Temperature Sensor, which generates calibrated digital
output.

• DHT11 can be interface with any microcontroller like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, etc

• Small circuit to interface Arduino with DHT11 Temperature and

Humidity Sensor.

• One of the main applications of connecting DTH11 sensor with Arduino is

weather monitoring.
Temperature and Humidity
Sensor on Arduino
 IoT Device Representation
• As you design your IoT project, you'll need to think about the various levels
of abstraction in your design and make decisions about how to represent the
physical things and their relationships to each other.
• The specific requirements of your application will help you understand
whether something that generates information should be treated as a device,
and therefore deserves its own ID, or is simply a channel or state detail of
another device.
 Case 1: each sensor as a device

• Consider a project that has the goal of monitoring the temperature of rooms in a hotel.

• In each room there might be three sensors: one at the floor by the door, one on the ceiling, and one
next to the bed.

• You can model this setup by representing each sensor as a device:

• {deviceID: "dh28dslkja", "location": "floor", "room": 128, "temp": 22

}
23 }
• {deviceID: "8d3kiuhs8a", "location": "ceiling", "room": 128, "temp": 24 }

• {deviceID: "kd8s8hh3o", "location": "bedside", "room": 128, "temp":

31
 Case 2: Entire room as a
device
• You could also model the entire room as a device.
• While you usually wouldn't consider a room to be a device, in IoT the device
abstraction is really about what you manage and record from as a unit.
• Viewed that way, you could model the hotel room as a device that contains three
sensors:
• {deviceID: "dh28dslkja", "room": 128, "temp_floor": 22, "temp_ceiling": 24,
"temp_bedside": 23, "average_temp": 23 }

• Depending on the goals, one of these two data representations might be more correct than
• tN
heoottehetrh. e
average temperature field in the second example.
• This might be what the hotel is looking for
Cost. Given the value of the data provided, think about what cost can be supported for each
device.
I/O roles. The device might be primarily a sensor, an actuator, or some combination of the two
roles.
Power budget. The device might have access to electricity, or power might be scarce. Think
about whether the device will require battery or solar power.
Networking environment. Consider whether the device can be wired directly to the Internet
as TCP/IP routable. Some types of connections, such as cellular, can be expensive with high
traffic. Think about the reliability of the network, and the impact of that reliability on latency
and throughput. If it is wireless, consider the range the transmission power achieves and the
added energy costs
 Types of information
• Each device can provide or consume various types of information.

• Each form of information might best be handled by a different backend

system, and each system should be specialized around the data rate, volume,
and preferred API. Information categories are:

• Device metadata

• State information

• Telemetry

• Commands
59
 Device metadata
• Metadata contains information about a device.
• Most metadata is immutable or rarely changes. Examples of metadata fields
include:
✔ Identifier (ID) - An identifier that uniquely identifies a device. The device ID should
never change for the lifespan of a deployed device.
✔ Class or type
✔ Model
✔ Revision
✔ Date manufactured

✔ Hardware serial number 37

 State information
• State information describes the current
status of the device, not of the environment.
This information can be read/write.
• It is updated, but usually not frequently
 Telemetry
• Data collected by the device is called telemetry. This is the eyes-and-ears data
that IoT devices provide to applications. Telemetry is read-only data about the
environment, usually collected through sensors.
• Each source of telemetry results in a channel.
• Although each device might send only a single data point every minute,
• when you multiply that data by a large number of devices, you quickly need to
apply big data strategies and patterns.
 Commands
• Commands are actions performed by a device.
Commands often have traits that constrain the
choices available in your implementation.
• Examples of commands include:
-Spin 360 degrees to the right.
-Run self cleaning cycle.
-Increase the rate by ten percent.
 IoT platforms
• An IoT platform is a multi-layer technology that enables straightforward
provisioning, management, and automation of connected devices within the
Internet of Things universe.
• It basically connects your hardware, however diverse, to the cloud by using
flexible connectivity options, enterprise-grade security mechanisms, and broad
data processing powers.

• For developers, an IoT platform provides a set of ready-to-use features that

greatly speed up development of applications for connected devices as well as
take care of scalability and cross- device compatibility. 64
 IoTHardware Platform examples

• It is commonly referred to as middleware when we talk about

how it connects remote devices to user applications (or other
devices) and manages all the interactions between the
hardware and the application layers
• Common examples of platforms include single-board-
computers such as the Beaglebone, and Raspberry Pi, as well as
microcontroller platforms such as the Arduino series, boards
from Particle, and the Adafruit Feather.
• Each of these platforms lets you connect multiple types
of sensor and actuator modules through a hardware
 Single-board-computers
• Raspberry Pi • Beaglebone
Arduino
board

48
Raspberry Pi

68
Raspberry Pi Models
Model A Model B Pi 2, Model B

Model A+ Model B+ Pi 3, Model B

5
4
ESP SERIES BOARDS

54
Nodemcu v.3

NodeMCU is an open-source Lua based

firmware and development board specially
targeted for IoT based Applications. It
includes firmware that runs on the
ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif
Systems, and hardware which is based on
the ESP-12 module.

54
Nodemcu v.3 gpio

54
Arduino Vs Raspberry pi
FEATURE ARDUINO RASPBERRYPI
Speed 16MHz 1.2GHz
Architecture 8 bit 64 bit
RAM 8KB 1GB
ROM 256KB SD CARD(32GB)
Internet Connection Not Easy Easy
A/D Yes No
Programming Language Arduino C/C++ No Limit

Multitasking One Program at Time Possible

5
6
 Actuators

• Actuators are natural complements to the sensors

• A better term for a sensor is a transducer. A transducer is any physical device
that converts one form of energy into another.
• A microphone is a sensor that takes vibrational energy (sound waves), and
converts it to electrical energy in a useful way for other components in the
system to correlate back to the original sound.
• In simple terms, an actuator operates in the reverse direction of a sensor. It
takes an electrical input and turns it into physical action
• For instance, an electric motor, a hydraulic system, and a pneumatic 74
Actuator
 IoT actuator
• In a typical IoT system, a sensor may collect
information and route to a control center where a
decision is made and a corresponding command
is sent back to an actuator in response to that
sensed input
Sprinkler as actuator
Water pump as an actuator
 Case of measuring the soil moisture
sensors set on the plant
• By configuring the system, the sensors are
configured or in operation using some of the
machine learning methods that if a certain level
of soil moisture has been met, they then
generate data that will send to some
microcontroller which activates an event on the
irrigation pumps and stop the water supply 79
Smart irrigation system

80
 Gateway
• An Internet of Things (IoT) gateway is a physical device or software
program that serves as the connection point between the cloud and
controllers, sensors and intelligent devices.
• All data moving to the cloud, or vice versa, goes through the
gateway, which can be either a dedicated hardware appliance or
software program.
• An IoT gateway may also be referred to as an intelligent
gateway or a control tier 81
82
 Gateways Cont..
• Some sensors generate tens of thousands of data points per
second. A gateway provides a place to preprocess that data
locally at the edge before sending it on to the cloud.
• When data is aggregated, summarized and tactically analyzed at
the edge, it minimizes the volume of data that needs to be
forwarded on to the cloud, which can have a big impact on
response times and network transmission costs
• Another benefit of an IoT gateway is that it can provide
additional security for the IoT network and the data it transpo83rts.
 Gateway
• IoT Gateway manages the bidirectional data traffic between different
networks and protocols.
• Another function of gateway is to translate different network protocols and
make sure interoperability of the connected devices and sensors.
• Because the gateway manages information moving in both directions, it can
protect data moving to the cloud from leaks and IoT devices from being
compromised by malicious outside attacks with features such as tamper
detection, encryption,.

84
 The IoT gateway role in security, data and analytics

• Trusted connectivity and security -- ensuring the integrity of the network

and system in both directions
• Protocol and data bridge -- being able to translate and transfer data among and
between systems operating with different communications protocols and data
formats, often requiring bidirectional communication capabilities
• Storage and analysis -- onboard application development platforms and storage
to drive intelligence and decision-making closer to the edge device
• Management -- the ability to provision, update and control access of
connected devices to the system as well as policy-based
68
LoRa gateway smart firm

SENSOR
GATEWA CLOUD
Y
LORA
Gateways
 Summary
The following topics have been covered

▪We defined IoT hardware in depth

▪ We define and explain the sensor in IoT
▪ We demonstrated Types of available sensors
▪ We demonstrated the type of the information that a sensor collect
▪ We Defined a sensor and a smart sensor
▪ We demonstrated Available IoT platforms
▪ We defined and described a gateway