File Handling:

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 open() and close() in File Handling

open()
Description: The open() function is used to open a file and returns a file object,
which provides methods for performing file operations such as reading, writing,

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 and closing.
Syntax:

file = open('filename', 'mode')

'filename': The name of the file you want to open. This can be a relative or
absolute path.

'mode' : The mode in which the file is opened. Common modes include:

'r' : Read mode (default). Opens the file for reading. The file must exist.

: Write mode. Opens the file for writing. Creates a new file or truncates
'w'

an existing file.

: Append mode. Opens the file for writing. Creates a new file if it
'a'

doesn't exist and appends data to the end of the file.

'b' : Binary mode. Used with other modes to handle binary files.

't' : Text mode (default). Used with other modes to handle text files.

Example:

# Open a file in read mode

file = open('example.txt', 'r')
print("File opened in read mode.")

# Open a file in write mode

file = open('example.txt', 'w')
print("File opened in write mode.")

# Open a file in append mode

file = open('example.txt', 'a')
print("File opened in append mode.")

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 # Open a binary file
file = open('example.bin', 'wb')
print("Binary file opened for writing.")

close()
Description: The close() method is used to close the file. Closing a file is
important to free up system resources and to ensure that all data is properly
written to the file.

Syntax:

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file.close()

Writing to Files

1. Write Mode ( 'w' )

Overwrites the file if it exists, otherwise creates a new one.

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file = open('example.txt', 'w')
file.write("This is written in write ('w') mode.\n")
file.close()

2. Append Mode ( 'a' )

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 Appends content to the end of the file without overwriting it.

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file = open('example.txt', 'a')
file.write("This is appended in append ('a') mode.\n")
file.close()

3. Write Binary Mode ( 'wb' )

Writes binary content to a file.

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file = open('example.bin', 'wb')
file.write(b"This is binary content written in 'wb' mode.\n")
file.close()

4. Writing Multiple Lines

Use .writelines() to write multiple lines at once from a list of strings.

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file = open('example.txt', 'w')
lines = ["First line\n", "Second line\n", "Third line\n"]
file.writelines(lines)
file.close()

read()
The read() method reads the entire content of a file and returns it as a single
string.

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# Open the file in read mode

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 file = open('example.txt', 'r')

# Read the entire content of the file

content = file.read()

print("Content read using read():")

print(content)

# Close the file

file.close()

readline()
The readline() method reads a single line from the file. If you call it repeatedly, it
will read each line one by one.

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# Open the file in read mode
file = open('example.txt', 'r')

# Read the first line

line1 = file.readline()
print("First line read using readline():")
print(line1)

# Read the second line

line2 = file.readline()
print("Second line read using readline():")
print(line2)

# Close the file

file.close()

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 readlines()
The readlines() method reads all lines of the file and returns them as a list of
strings.

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# Open the file in read mode
file = open('example.txt', 'r')

# Read all lines into a list

lines = file.readlines()

print("Lines read using readlines():")

for line in lines:
print(line, end='') # end='' to avoid adding extra newli
nes

# Close the file

file.close()

Summary
read() : Reads the entire file content into a single string.

readline() : Reads one line at a time from the file.

readlines() : Reads all lines into a list, where each element is a line from the file.

Context Managers
Description: Context managers in Python are used to handle resources efficiently
and ensure proper cleanup. The with statement is commonly used with file
handling to automatically close the file after the block of code is executed.
Syntax:

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 with open('filename', 'mode') as file:
# Perform file operations
pass
# File is automatically closed here

Examples:

Example 1: Basic File Handling with Context Manager

Description: Open a file, read its content, and ensure it is closed properly after
operations.

with open('example.txt', 'r') as file:

content = file.read()
print(content)
# File is automatically closed here

Example 2: Writing to a File with Context Manager

Description: Open a file in write mode, write some content, and ensure it is closed
properly.

with open('example.txt', 'w') as file:

file.write("Hello, World!\n")
file.write("This is a new line.\n")
# File is automatically closed here

Example 3: Appending to a File with Context Manager

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 Description: Open a file in append mode, add new content, and ensure it is closed
properly.

with open('example.txt', 'a') as file:

file.write("Appending this line.\n")
# File is automatically closed here

Example 4: Reading Large Files in Chunks with Context Manager

Description: Efficiently read large files in chunks to manage memory usage.

with open('large_file.txt', 'r') as file:

while True:
chunk = file.read(1024) # Read 1024 bytes at a time
if not chunk:
break
print(chunk)
# File is automatically closed here

6. Working with Binary Files

Example 1: Writing Binary Data

Writing a byte sequence to a binary file:

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# Writing binary data to a file
with open('example.bin', 'wb') as file:
file.write(b'\xDE\xAD\xBE\xEF') # Write hexadecimal byte
s to the file

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 print("Binary data written to example.bin")

Explanation: This code opens example.bin in binary write mode ( 'wb' ) and writes a
sequence of bytes to it. The byte sequence b'\xDE\xAD\xBE\xEF' is written to the file.

Example 2: Reading Binary Data

Reading binary data from a file:

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# Reading binary data from a file
with open('example.bin', 'rb') as file:
content = file.read() # Read the entire content of the f
ile
print(content) # Output the content (in binary fo
rmat)

print("Binary data read from example.bin")

Explanation: This code opens example.bin in binary read mode ( 'rb' ) and reads
the entire content of the file, printing it out in binary format.

7. Handling CSV Files

Example 1: Reading CSV Files

Reading CSV data and printing each row:

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import csv

# Reading data from a CSV file

with open('example.csv', 'r') as file:
reader = csv.reader(file)

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 for row in reader:
print(row) # Print each row from the CSV file

print("CSV data read from example.csv")

Explanation: This code opens example.csv in read mode ( 'r' ) and uses csv.reader

to read the file. It then prints each row of the CSV file.

Example 2: Writing to CSV Files

Writing a list of data to a CSV file:

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import csv

# Data to be written to the CSV file

data = [
["Name", "Age", "City"],
["Alice", 30, "New York"],
["Bob", 25, "San Francisco"]
]

# Writing data to a CSV file

with open('example.csv', 'w', newline='') as file:
writer = csv.writer(file)
writer.writerows(data) # Write multiple rows to the CSV
file

print("Data written to example.csv")

Explanation: This code opens example.csv in write mode ( 'w' ) and uses csv.writer

to write a list of lists (rows) to the CSV file.

8. Handling JSON Files

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 Example 1: Reading JSON Files
Reading JSON data and printing it:

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import json

# Reading data from a JSON file

with open('example.json', 'r') as file:
data = json.load(file) # Load JSON data from the file
print(data) # Print the JSON data

print("JSON data read from example.json")

Explanation: This code opens example.json in read mode ( 'r' ) and uses json.load

to read and parse the JSON data from the file.

Example 2: Writing JSON Files

Writing a Python dictionary to a JSON file:

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import json

# Data to be written to the JSON file

data = {
"name": "Alice",
"age": 30,
"city": "New York"
}

# Writing data to a JSON file

with open('example.json', 'w') as file:
json.dump(data, file, indent=4) # Dump JSON data to the
file with pretty printing

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 print("Data written to example.json")

Pickling and Unpickling in Python

Pickling is the process of converting a Python object into a byte stream, while
unpickling is the reverse process: converting a byte stream back into a Python
object. This is useful for saving and loading Python objects.

Pickling
To pickle an object, use the pickle module:

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import pickle

# Data to pickle
data = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 30, 'city': 'New York'}

# Pickle the data

with open('data.pkl', 'wb') as file:
pickle.dump(data, file)

Unpickling
To unpickle (load) the object:

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import pickle

# Unpickle the data

with open('data.pkl', 'rb') as file:
data = pickle.load(file)

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 print(data)

Pickling and Unpickling Example

Pickling a Set
Example: Pickling a Set

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import pickle

# Data to be pickled (a set of integers)

data = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

# Serialize the set to a binary file

with open('set_data.pkl', 'wb') as file:
pickle.dump(data, file)

print("Set pickled to binary file.")

Unpickling a Set

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import pickle

# Deserialize the set from the binary file

with open('set_data.pkl', 'rb') as file:
data = pickle.load(file)

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 print("Set unpickled from binary file:", data)

In these examples, a set of integers is pickled to a binary file and then unpickled to
retrieve

Serialization and Deserialization in Python

Serialization is the process of converting an object into a format that can be
easily stored or transmitted (e.g., JSON, XML, binary). Deserialization is the
process of converting that format back into an object.

JSON Serialization and Deserialization

JSON is a common format for serialization and deserialization due to its readability
and wide support.
Serialization to JSON:

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import json

# Data to serialize
data = {
"name": "Alice",
"age": 30,
"city": "New York"
}

# Serialize to JSON
with open('data.json', 'w') as file:
json.dump(data, file, indent=4)

Deserialization from JSON:

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 pythonCopy code
import json

# Deserialize from JSON

with open('data.json', 'r') as file:
data = json.load(file)

print(data)

1. CSV Serialization and Deserialization

CSV (Comma Separated Values) is a simple and commonly used format for
tabular data.
Example 1: Serialization to CSV

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import csv

data = [
["Name", "Age", "City"],
["Eve", 28, "Boston"],
["Frank", 33, "Chicago"]
]

# Serialize data to a CSV file

with open('data.csv', 'w', newline='') as file:
writer = csv.writer(file)
writer.writerows(data)

print("Data serialized to CSV.")

Example 2: Deserialization from CSV

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import csv

# Read CSV data from a file and deserialize it

with open('data.csv', 'r') as file:
reader = csv.reader(file)
data = [row for row in reader]

print("Data deserialized from CSV:", data)

os Module Functions
1. os.path.exists(path) : Checks if a path exists.

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exists = os.path.exists('filename')

2. os.path.isfile(path) : Checks if a path is a file.

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is_file = os.path.isfile('filename')

3. os.path.isdir(path) : Checks if a path is a directory.

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is_dir = os.path.isdir('directory')

4. os.path.join(path, *paths) : Joins one or more path components.

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 full_path = os.path.join('folder', 'subfolder', 'file.tx
t')

5. os.path.abspath(path) : Returns the absolute path of a file or directory.

abs_path = os.path.abspath('filename')

6. os.mkdir(path) : Creates a directory.

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os.mkdir('new_directory')

7. os.makedirs(path) : Creates directories recursively.

os.makedirs('new_directory/subdirectory')

8. os.rmdir(path) : Removes a directory (must be empty).

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os.rmdir('empty_directory'

9. os.removedirs(path) : Removes directories recursively (if empty).

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os.removedirs('new_directory/subdirectory')

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 10. os.rename(src, dst) : Renames a file or directory.

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os.rename('old_name.txt', 'new_name.txt')

11. os.listdir(path) : Lists files and directories in a directory.

files = os.listdir('directory')

pathlib Module Methods

1. Path(path) : Creates a Path object.

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from pathlib import Path
path = Path('filename')

2. Path.exists() : Checks if a path exists.

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exists = path.exists()

3. Path.is_file() : Checks if the path is a file.

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is_file = path.is_file()

4. Path.is_dir() : Checks if the path is a directory.

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 pythonCopy code
is_dir = path.is_dir()

5. Path.mkdir(parents=False, exist_ok=False) : Creates a directory.

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path.mkdir()

6. Path.rmdir() : Removes a directory (must be empty).

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path.rmdir()

7. Path.rename(target) : Renames or moves a file or directory.

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path.rename('new_name.txt')

Common File Handling Errors and Examples

1. FileNotFoundError
This error occurs when trying to open a file that does not exist.

Example:

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try:
with open('nonexistent_file.txt', 'r') as file:

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 content = file.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
print("Error: The file does not exist.")

2. PermissionError
This error occurs when the program does not have the necessary permissions to
access or modify the file.
Example:

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try:
# Attempt to open a file with read-only permission for wr
iting
with open('readonly_file.txt', 'w') as file:
file.write("Some text")
except PermissionError:
print("Error: You do not have permission to modify this f
ile.")

4. IsADirectoryError
This error occurs when attempting to open a directory as a file.
Example:

import os

# Ensure 'example_dir' is a directory for this test

os.makedirs('example_dir', exist_ok=True)

# Attempt to open the directory 'example_dir' as if it were a fi

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 with open('example_dir', 'r') as file:
content = file.read()

5. ValueError
This error can occur if an invalid file mode is specified.
Example:

try:
# Attempt to open a file with an invalid mode
with open('example.txt', 'invalid_mode') as file:
content = file.read()
except ValueError:
print("Error: Invalid file mode specified.")

6. EOFError
This error occurs when reading beyond the end of a file or when an unexpected
end of file is reached.
Example:

try:
with open('example.txt', 'r') as file:
# Attempt to read beyond the end of the file
content = file.read()
extra = file.read() # This may raise EOFError if no
more data
except EOFError:
print("Error: Unexpected end of file.")

7. FileExistsError

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 This error occurs when trying to create a file that already exists when using
exclusive creation mode.
Example:

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try:
# Attempt to create a file that already exists with 'x' m
ode
with open('existing_file.txt', 'x') as file:
file.write("Some text")
except FileExistsError:
print("Error: The file already exists.")

Why Use 'x' Mode

Prevent Overwriting: If you want to ensure that your program does not
overwrite any existing files, use 'x' . This can be useful in situations where the
integrity of pre-existing data is important.

Safety in File Creation: It is especially useful in scenarios where file creation

should only happen if the file does not already exist, such as logging or
generating reports.

When to Use 'x' Mode:

You should use 'x' mode when you need to ensure that a file is created only
if it does not exist, and you do not want to overwrite any existing file by
mistake.

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