Mathematics Formula & Concept Guide
A Quick Reference for Key Principles
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Disclaimer: This guide is a compilation of common formulas and concepts. Always ensure you
understand the context and conditions for each formula's use.
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Table of Contents
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1. Algebra
2. Geometry
3. Trigonometry
4. Pre-Calculus & Calculus
5. Probability & Statistics
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1. ALGEBRA
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**Quadratic Formula**
For an equation of the form: ax² + bx + c = 0
x = [-b ± √(b² - 4ac)] / (2a)
**Laws of Exponents**
- aᵐ * aⁿ = aᵐ⁺ⁿ
- aᵐ / aⁿ = aᵐ⁻ⁿ
- (aᵐ)ⁿ = aᵐ*ⁿ
- a⁻ᵐ = 1 / aᵐ
- a⁰ = 1
**Laws of Logarithms**
(For b > 0, b ≠ 1, x > 0, y > 0)
- log_b(x * y) = log_b(x) + log_b(y)
- log_b(x / y) = log_b(x) - log_b(y)
- log_b(xⁿ) = n * log_b(x)
- Change of Base: log_b(x) = log_k(x) / log_k(b)
**Factoring Formulas**
- a² - b² = (a - b)(a + b)
- a² ± 2ab + b² = (a ± b)²
- a³ + b³ = (a + b)(a² - ab + b²)
- a³ - b³ = (a - b)(a² + ab + b²)
**Sequences and Series**
- Arithmetic Sequence: a_n = a₁ + (n - 1)d
- Arithmetic Series: S_n = n/2 * (a₁ + a_n) = n/2 * [2a₁ + (n-1)d]
- Geometric Sequence: a_n = a₁ * rⁿ⁻¹
- Geometric Series: S_n = a₁ * (1 - rⁿ) / (1 - r)
- Infinite Geometric Series (|r| < 1): S = a₁ / (1 - r)
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2. GEOMETRY
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**Area (A) and Perimeter/Circumference (C)**
- Rectangle: A = l * w, P = 2(l + w)
- Triangle: A = (1/2) * b * h
- Circle: A = πr², C = 2πr
- Trapezoid: A = (1/2) * (b₁ + b₂) * h
**Volume (V) and Surface Area (SA)**
- Rectangular Prism: V = l * w * h, SA = 2(lw + lh + wh)
- Sphere: V = (4/3)πr³, SA = 4πr²
- Right Circular Cylinder: V = πr²h, SA = 2πr² + 2πrh
- Right Circular Cone: V = (1/3)πr²h, SA = πr² + πrl (l = slant height)
- Pyramid: V = (1/3) * (Area of Base) * h
**Angles and Triangles**
- Sum of Interior Angles of a Polygon: (n - 2) * 180°
- Pythagorean Theorem (Right Triangles): a² + b² = c²
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3. TRIGONOMETRY
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**Right Triangle Definitions**
- sin(θ) = Opposite / Hypotenuse
- cos(θ) = Adjacent / Hypotenuse
- tan(θ) = Opposite / Adjacent = sin(θ)/cos(θ)
**Unit Circle and Identities**
- Reciprocal: csc(θ) = 1/sin(θ), sec(θ) = 1/cos(θ), cot(θ) = 1/tan(θ)
- Pythagorean: sin²(θ) + cos²(θ) = 1
- Angle Sum/Difference:
sin(A ± B) = sinA cosB ± cosA sinB
cos(A ± B) = cosA cosB ∓ sinA sinB
- Double Angle:
sin(2θ) = 2 sinθ cosθ
cos(2θ) = cos²θ - sin²θ = 2cos²θ - 1 = 1 - 2sin²θ
**Law of Sines and Cosines (Any Triangle)**
- Law of Sines: a / sin(A) = b / sin(B) = c / sin(C)
- Law of Cosines: c² = a² + b² - 2ab cos(C)
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4. PRE-CALCULUS & CALCULUS
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**Conic Sections**
- Circle: (x - h)² + (y - k)² = r²
- Parabola: y = a(x - h)² + k [Opens up/down], x = a(y - k)² + h [Opens left/right]
- Ellipse: (x-h)²/a² + (y-k)²/b² = 1
- Hyperbola: (x-h)²/a² - (y-k)²/b² = 1 [Opens left/right]
**Calculus: Derivatives**
- d/dx [xⁿ] = n*xⁿ⁻¹ (Power Rule)
- d/dx [sin(x)] = cos(x)
- d/dx [cos(x)] = -sin(x)
- d/dx [eˣ] = eˣ
- d/dx [ln(x)] = 1/x
- Product Rule: d/dx [f(x)g(x)] = f'(x)g(x) + f(x)g'(x)
- Quotient Rule: d/dx [f(x)/g(x)] = [f'(x)g(x) - f(x)g'(x)] / [g(x)]²
- Chain Rule: d/dx [f(g(x))] = f'(g(x)) * g'(x)
**Calculus: Integrals**
- ∫ xⁿ dx = (xⁿ⁺¹)/(n+1) + C, (n ≠ -1)
- ∫ sin(x) dx = -cos(x) + C
- ∫ cos(x) dx = sin(x) + C
- ∫ eˣ dx = eˣ + C
- ∫ (1/x) dx = ln|x| + C
- The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: ∫[a to b] f(x) dx = F(b) - F(a), where F'(x) = f(x)
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5. PROBABILITY & STATISTICS
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**Probability**
- Probability of an Event: P(A) = (# of Favorable Outcomes) / (# of Total Possible Outcomes)
- Complement Rule: P(not A) = 1 - P(A)
- Addition Rule (OR): P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)
- Multiplication Rule (AND for Independent Events): P(A and B) = P(A) * P(B)
- Conditional Probability: P(A|B) = P(A and B) / P(B)
**Statistics**
- Mean (Average): μ or x̄ = (Σx_i) / N
- Median: Middle value in an ordered list.
- Mode: The value that appears most frequently.
