Linux Commands Cheatsheet

Core Linux Commands:

❖ pwd → Shows the current working directory.
❖ ls → Lists files and directories in the current location.
❖ cd → Changes the current directory.
❖ tree → Displays directories and files in a tree-like
format.
❖ stat → Shows detailed information about a file.
❖ touch → Creates an empty file or updates file
timestamps.
❖ file → Determines the type of a file.
❖ basename → Extracts the filename from a path.
❖ dirname → Extracts the directory path from a full
path.
❖ cat → Displays the contents of a file.
❖ tac → Displays a file’s contents in reverse order.
❖ less → Views a file one page at a time (scrollable).
❖ more → Views a file one page at a time (simpler than
less).
❖ head → Shows the first few lines of a file.
❖ tail → Shows the last few lines of a file.
❖ nl → Displays a file with line numbers.
❖ strings → Extracts readable text from binary files.
❖ od → Displays files in octal or other formats.
❖ nano → Simple text editor in terminal.
❖ vi / vim → Advanced terminal text editor.
❖ emacs → Feature-rich terminal/GUI text editor.
❖ hexdump / hd → Displays file contents in
hexadecimal format.
❖ xxd → Creates a hex dump or converts hex back to
binary.
❖ col / colrm → Formats or removes specific columns
from text.
❖ clear → Clears the terminal screen.
❖ reset → Resets the terminal.
❖ sleep → Pauses execution for a specified time.
❖ yes → Repeatedly outputs a string (default “y”) until
stopped.
❖ rev → Reverses the content of each line.
❖ cmp → Compares two files byte by byte.
❖ comm → Compares two sorted files line by line.
Searching & Text Processing Commands:
❖ grep → Searches for patterns in files.
❖ egrep → Extended grep; supports regex patterns.
❖ fgrep → Searches for fixed strings (no regex).
❖ zgrep → Searches compressed files (.gz) using grep.
❖ find → Searches files and directories by name, type,
size, etc.
❖ locate → Quickly finds files using a prebuilt database.
❖ updatedb → Updates the database used by locate.
❖ which → Shows the path of an executable command.
❖ whereis → Shows binary, source, and man page
locations of a command.
❖ type → Displays command type (builtin, alias, or file).
❖ cut → Extracts sections/columns from text.
❖ sort → Sorts lines of text alphabetically or
numerically.
❖ uniq → Removes duplicate lines (works with sorted
input).
❖ comm → Compares two sorted files line by line.
❖ join → Joins lines of two files based on a common
field.
❖ paste → Merges lines of files side by side.
❖ wc → Counts lines, words, and characters in a file.
❖ tr → Translates or deletes characters.
❖ xargs → Builds and executes commands from input.
❖ tee → Writes output to a file and displays it
simultaneously.
❖ awk → Pattern scanning and processing language for
text files.
❖ gawk / mawk → Variants of awk with added features
or performance.
❖ sed → Stream editor for modifying text in files or
streams.
❖ diff → Shows differences between two files line by
line.
❖ sdiff → Shows side-by-side differences between files.
❖ cmp → Compares two files byte by byte.
❖ iconv → Converts text from one character encoding to
another.
❖ recode → Converts text between different encodings.
❖ pr → Formats text for printing with headers and
pagination.
❖ jq → Parses and processes JSON data.
❖ yq → Parses and processes YAML data.
❖ fold → Wraps long lines to a specified width.
❖ expand → Converts tabs to spaces.
❖ unexpand → Converts spaces to tabs.
User & Group Management Commands:
❖ useradd → Creates a new user account.
❖ adduser → Adds a new user (interactive version of
useradd).
❖ passwd → Sets or changes a user’s password.
❖ usermod → Modifies an existing user account.
❖ userdel → Deletes a user account.
❖ groupadd → Creates a new group.
❖ groupdel → Deletes a group.
❖ gpasswd → Administers / manages group
memberships.
❖ groups → Lists groups a user belongs to.
❖ id → Displays user ID (UID) and group IDs (GID).
❖ whoami → Shows the current logged-in username.
❖ who → Displays who is logged in.
❖ w → Shows logged-in users and their activity.
❖ last → Shows the login history of users.
❖ lastlog → Displays the last login of all users.
❖ faillog → Shows failed login attempts.
❖ finger → Displays information about system users.
❖ su → Switches to another user account.
❖ sudo → Executes commands as another user (usually
root).
 ❖ visudo → Safely edits the sudoers file.
❖ chage → Manages user password expiration info.
❖ expiry → Shows account expiration info.
❖ logname → Prints the current login name.
❖ tty → Shows the terminal associated with the session.
❖ users → Displays logged-in users in one line.
❖ write → Sends a message to another user’s terminal.
❖ wall → Sends a message to all logged-in users.
❖ mesg → Controls write permissions to your terminal.
❖ pkill -KILL -u user → Terminates all processes of a
specific user.

Permissions & Ownership Commands:

❖ chmod → Changes file or directory permissions.
❖ chown → Changes file or directory owner.
❖ chgrp → Changes group ownership of a file or
directory.
❖ umask → Sets default permission mask for new
files/directories.
❖ getfacl → Displays Access Control List (ACL) of a
file/directory.
❖ setfacl → Sets or modifies ACL for a file/directory.
❖ lsattr → Lists extended attributes of files.
 ❖ chattr → Changes file attributes (e.g., immutable,
append-only).
❖ getcap → Shows capabilities of a file.
❖ setcap → Sets capabilities on a file.
❖ lssec → Lists security attributes of files (SELinux
context).
❖ chsec → Changes security attributes of a file.
❖ faillock → Displays or locks failed login attempts.
❖ test → Evaluates expressions (e.g., file, string, or
numeric tests).
❖ install → Copies files and sets attributes
(permissions, owner, timestamps).
❖ stat → Displays detailed status of a file or filesystem
object.

Process & Job Management:

❖ ps aux → Shows all running processes with detailed
info.
❖ ps → Displays current processes (default: user’s own).
❖ top → Interactive real-time view of processes and
resource usage.
❖ htop → Enhanced, interactive version of top with color
and easier navigation.
❖ atop → Advanced system & process monitor with
historical logging.
❖ glances → Cross-platform system monitoring tool
with summary view.
❖ pgrep → Finds process IDs matching a pattern.
❖ pkill → Kills processes by name or other attributes.
❖ kill → Sends a signal (default TERM) to a process by
PID.
❖ killall → Kills all processes matching a name.
❖ jobs → Lists background jobs in the current shell.
❖ fg → Brings a background job to the foreground.
❖ bg → Resumes a suspended job in the background.
❖ disown → Removes a job from the shell’s job table.
❖ nohup → Runs a command immune to hangups,
keeping it alive after logout.
❖ setsid → Starts a process in a new session (detached
from terminal).
❖ nice → Starts a process with a specified priority.
❖ renice → Changes the priority of a running process.
❖ uptime → Shows system load and uptime.
❖ watch → Repeatedly runs a command at intervals and
shows output.
❖ time → Measures the execution time of a command.
❖ timeout → Runs a command with a time limit.
❖ mpstat → Displays CPU usage per processor.
 ❖ pidstat → Shows statistics of processes including
CPU/memory usage.
❖ pstree → Displays processes in a tree structure
showing parent-child relation.
❖ lsof → Lists open files and the processes using them.
❖ vmstat → Shows virtual memory, CPU, and system
stats.
❖ pidof → Returns the PID(s) of a given process name.

System Monitoring & Performance:

❖ vmstat → Shows virtual memory, CPU, and system
performance statistics.
❖ iostat → Displays CPU and I/O statistics for devices
and partitions.
❖ dstat → Real-time system resource statistics
including CPU, disk, network, and more.
❖ sar → Collects, reports, and saves system activity
metrics over time.
❖ iotop → Shows real-time I/O usage per process.
❖ iftop → Monitors real-time network bandwidth usage
per connection.
❖ nethogs → Displays real-time network usage per
process.
❖ lsof → Lists open files and the processes using them.
 ❖ strace → Traces system calls and signals made by a
process.
❖ perf → Performance analysis tool for CPU profiling
and performance events.
❖ glances → Cross-platform system monitoring tool
with CPU, memory, disk, network summary.
❖ uptime → Shows how long the system has been
running with load averages.
❖ free -h → Displays total, used, and free memory in a
human-readable format.

Disk & Filesystem:

❖ lsblk → Lists information about all block devices in a
tree format.
❖ blkid → Shows block device attributes like UUID and
filesystem type.
❖ fdisk → Interactive tool to create, delete, or modify
disk partitions (MBR).
❖ parted → Advanced partitioning tool (supports GPT
and MBR).
❖ cfdisk → Curses-based interactive partition editor.
❖ sfdisk → Scriptable partitioning tool.
❖ mkfs → Creates a filesystem on a partition or disk.
❖ fsck → Checks and repairs a filesystem.
❖ tune2fs → Adjusts/ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem
parameters.
❖ resize2fs → Resizes an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem.
❖ mount → Mounts a filesystem to a directory.
❖ umount → Unmounts a mounted filesystem.
❖ df → Shows disk space usage of mounted filesystems.
❖ du → Displays disk usage of files and directories.
❖ findmnt → Finds mounted filesystems or searches by
criteria.
❖ quota → Displays disk usage and limits for users.
❖ edquota → Edit disk quotas for users.
❖ repquota → Reports disk quotas for a filesystem.
❖ swapon → Enables swap space.
❖ swapoff → Disables swap space.
❖ mkswap → Prepares a partition or file as swap space.
❖ wipefs → Wipes filesystem signatures from a device.
❖ partprobe → Updates kernel with new partition table
info.
❖ losetup → Manages loop devices (mounts disk
images).
❖ cryptsetup → Sets up encrypted block devices
(LUKS).
 ❖ du -sh → Shows total disk usage of a file/directory in
human-readable format.
❖ df -h → Shows disk space usage in human-readable
format.
❖ stat → Displays detailed information about a file or
filesystem.
❖ file → Determines file type.
❖ mount | column -t → Lists mounted filesystems in a
clean, column-aligned format.

Compression & Archiving:

❖ tar → Archives files and directories into a single file
(optionally compresses).
❖ tar --exclude → Creates a tar archive while excluding
specified files or directories.
❖ gzip → Compresses files using the gzip algorithm.
❖ gunzip → Decompresses .gz files.
❖ bzip2 → Compresses files using the bzip2 algorithm
(better compression than gzip).
❖ bunzip2 → Decompresses .bz2 files.
❖ xz → Compresses files using the xz algorithm (high
compression ratio).
❖ unxz → Decompresses .xz files.
❖ zip → Compresses files into a .zip archive.
❖ unzip → Extracts files from a .zip archive.
 ❖ 7z → Compresses files using 7-Zip format.
❖ rar → Compresses files using RAR format.
❖ unrar → Extracts files from a RAR archive.
❖ split → Splits a large file into smaller chunks.
❖ csplit → Splits a file into sections based on patterns.
❖ dd → Low-level copying/conversion of files or
partitions.
❖ rsnapshot → Incremental filesystem backup utility
using rsync.
❖ borg → Deduplicating backup tool for efficient
storage.
❖ restic → Secure, fast, and efficient backup program.
❖ compress → Compresses files using the older Unix
compress algorithm.
❖ uncompress → Decompresses files created with
compress.

Networking & Remote Access:

❖ ip → Shows/manages network interfaces, routing, and
addresses.
❖ ip a → Displays all network interfaces and their IP
addresses.
❖ ifconfig → Displays or configures network interfaces
(legacy).
❖ ethtool → Displays and modifies Ethernet device
settings.
❖ iwconfig → Displays or configures wireless network
interfaces.
❖ ping → Checks connectivity to a host and measures
response time.
❖ traceroute → Shows the path packets take to reach a
host.
❖ mtr → Combines ping and traceroute for real-time
route analysis.
❖ curl → Transfers data to/from a server using various
protocols.
❖ wget → Downloads files from the web via HTTP,
HTTPS, FTP.
❖ scp → Securely copies files between hosts over SSH.
❖ rsync → Efficiently synchronizes files and directories
locally or remotely.
❖ ssh → Securely logs into a remote machine over SSH.
❖ sftp → Securely transfers files over SSH.
❖ ftp → Transfers files using the FTP protocol.
❖ telnet → Connects to remote hosts using Telnet
protocol (insecure).
❖ nc / netcat → Reads/writes data over network
connections (TCP/UDP).
❖ dig → Queries DNS servers for domain info.
❖ nslookup → Queries DNS servers for domain info
(legacy).
❖ host → Resolves domain names to IP addresses.
❖ arp → Displays or manipulates ARP table (IP-to-MAC
mapping).
❖ route → Displays/manages the IP routing table.
❖ ss → Shows socket statistics and network
connections.
❖ netstat → Displays network connections, routing
tables, and interface stats.
❖ tcpdump → Captures and analyzes network packets.
❖ tshark → Command-line version of Wireshark for
packet analysis.
❖ nmap → Network scanning and port discovery tool.
❖ arping → Sends ARP requests to a host to check link-
layer connectivity.
❖ iwlist → Displays detailed wireless network info.
❖ bridge → Shows/manages network bridge devices.
❖ brctl → Configures Ethernet bridge devices.
❖ vconfig → Manages VLANs on Linux (legacy).
❖ ip netns → Manages network namespaces for isolated
network environments.
 ❖ socat → Creates bidirectional data streams between
two endpoints.
❖ bmon → Monitors bandwidth usage per interface.
❖ ping6 → Sends ICMPv6 echo requests to check IPv6
connectivity.
❖ traceroute6 → Traces IPv6 route to a host.
❖ netcat → Alias for nc; general TCP/UDP
communication tool.
❖ netstat -tulpn → Shows listening ports and
associated processes.
❖ ss -tulpn → Displays detailed socket info for listening
ports (replacement for netstat).

Package Management:
❖ apt → High-level package manager for Debian/Ubuntu
systems (install, remove, update).
❖ apt-get → Lower-level package manager for
Debian/Ubuntu systems (script-friendly).
❖ apt-cache → Searches and queries package
information in Debian/Ubuntu.
❖ dpkg → Installs, removes, or queries individual .deb
packages.
❖ snap → Manages snap packages (universal Linux
packages).
 ❖ yum → Package manager for older RHEL/CentOS
systems.
❖ dnf → Modern package manager for
Fedora/RHEL/CentOS systems (replacement for
yum).
❖ rpm → Installs, queries, or removes .rpm packages.
❖ zypper → Package manager for openSUSE systems.
❖ flatpak → Manages sandboxed Linux applications.
❖ yumdownloader → Downloads RPM packages
without installing them.
❖ lsb_release -a → Shows Linux distribution info and
version details.

Services & Systemd:

❖ systemctl → Controls and manages systemd services
and the system state.
❖ service → Starts, stops, or checks status of SysV or
systemd services (legacy).
❖ chkconfig → Manages service runlevels and auto-
start (SysV legacy).
❖ journalctl → Views logs collected by systemd’s
journal.
❖ logger → Adds custom messages to the system log.
❖ systemctl isolate → Switches the system to a
specific target (runlevel).
 ❖ systemctl list-units → Lists loaded units (services,
sockets, mounts, etc.).
❖ systemctl status → Shows status and logs of a
specific service.
❖ systemctl start → Starts a service immediately.
❖ systemctl stop → Stops a running service.
❖ systemctl enable → Configures a service to start
automatically on boot.
❖ systemctl disable → Prevents a service from starting
on boot.
❖ systemctl rescue → Switches system to rescue mode
(single-user).
❖ systemctl reboot --firmware-setup → Reboots into
firmware/BIOS setup.
❖ systemctl default → Switches system to the default
target (normal boot).

Scheduling:
❖ cron → Daemon that runs scheduled tasks
automatically at specified times.
❖ crontab → Edits or lists a user’s scheduled cron jobs.
❖ at → Schedules a one-time task to run at a specific
time.
❖ batch → Schedules a task to run when system load is
low.
 ❖ anacron → Runs periodic jobs on systems that are not
always powered on.
❖ systemd-run → Schedules a command to run as a
transient systemd service.
❖ timers → systemd units that schedule tasks like cron
jobs.
❖ watch → Repeatedly executes a command at intervals
and displays output.

Shell & Environment:

❖ echo → Prints text or variables to the terminal.
❖ printf → Formats and prints text with more control
than echo.
❖ read → Reads input from the user into a variable.
❖ history → Shows previously executed commands.
❖ alias → Creates a shortcut for a command.
❖ unalias → Removes an existing alias.
❖ export → Sets environment variables for child
processes.
❖ env → Displays or runs commands with modified
environment variables.
❖ set → Shows or sets shell options and variables.
❖ unset → Removes a shell variable or function.
❖ .bashrc → Shell startup file executed for interactive
non-login shells.
 ❖ .profile → Shell startup file executed for login shells.
❖ PATH → Environment variable listing directories
searched for executables.
❖ which → Shows the full path of a command.
❖ type → Describes how a command will be interpreted
(builtin, alias, file).
❖ hash → Caches the locations of commands to speed
up execution.
❖ basename → Extracts the filename from a path.
❖ dirname → Extracts the directory path from a full
path.
❖ command → Executes a command bypassing shell
functions or aliases.
❖ eval → Evaluates and executes arguments as a shell
command.
❖ exec → Replaces the current shell with a specified
command.
❖ sleep → Pauses execution for a specified amount of
time.

Security & Access Control:

❖ getenforce → Shows the current SELinux mode
(Enforcing, Permissive, Disabled).
❖ setenforce → Changes the SELinux mode temporarily.
❖ sestatus → Displays detailed SELinux status.
❖ semanage → Manages SELinux policy components
(ports, users, file contexts).
❖ apparmor_status / aa-status → Shows the status of
AppArmor profiles.
❖ ufw → Simplified firewall management tool (Ubuntu).
❖ firewall-cmd → Manages firewalld (RHEL/Fedora)
rules and zones.
❖ iptables → Configures IPv4 packet filtering rules.
❖ nft → Manages modern packet filtering (nftables).
❖ tripwire → Monitors file integrity for security
violations.
❖ aide → Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment;
checks file integrity.
❖ getcap → Shows capabilities set on files.
❖ setcap → Sets file capabilities (e.g., allow root
privileges on binaries).
❖ lssec → Displays security attributes of files (SELinux).
❖ chsec → Changes security attributes of files
(SELinux).
❖ faillock → Tracks failed login attempts and locks
accounts.
❖ gpg / gpg2 → Encrypts, decrypts, and signs files using
GPG/PGP.
 ❖ openssl → Toolkit for SSL/TLS, encryption, and
certificate management.
❖ sha256sum → Computes SHA-256 checksum for file
integrity verification.
❖ md5sum → Computes MD5 checksum for file integrity
verification.
❖ shasum → Computes SHA checksums (multiple
algorithms supported).
❖ chroot → Changes root directory for a process,
isolating its filesystem.

Logging & Auditing:

❖ journalctl → Views logs collected by systemd’s
journal.
❖ logrotate → Rotates, compresses, and manages log
files automatically.
❖ /var/log/syslog → System log file for general
messages (Debian/Ubuntu).
❖ /var/log/messages → System log file for general
messages (RHEL/CentOS).
❖ dmesg → Shows kernel ring buffer messages (boot
and hardware logs).
❖ dmesg -T → Displays kernel messages with human-
readable timestamps.
❖ auditctl → Configures the Linux audit system.
 ❖ ausearch → Searches audit logs for specific events.
❖ aureport → Generates summary reports from audit
logs.
❖ logger → Adds custom messages to system logs.
❖ last → Shows login history of users.
❖ lastb → Shows failed login attempts.
❖ journalctl -xe → Displays systemd logs with priority
and extended info (useful for debugging).

System Information & OS Details:

❖ uname -a → Displays all system information (kernel,
hostname, architecture, OS).
❖ uname -r → Shows the kernel release version.
❖ uname -m → Shows the system architecture (e.g.,
x86_64).
❖ arch → Displays the machine architecture.
❖ dpkg --print-architecture → Shows Debian/Ubuntu
system architecture.
❖ cat /etc/os-release → Displays OS name and version
info.
❖ lsb_release -a → Shows detailed Linux distribution
info.
❖ hostname → Displays the current system hostname.
❖ hostnamectl → Shows and manages system
hostname and related settings.
❖ lscpu → Displays detailed CPU architecture info.
❖ lsusb → Lists USB devices connected to the system.
❖ lspci → Lists PCI devices (graphics, network, etc.).
❖ lshw → Shows detailed hardware configuration.
❖ dmidecode → Dumps BIOS/firmware and hardware
info.
❖ hwclock → Displays or sets the hardware clock.
❖ timedatectl → Shows or sets system time, date, and
timezone.
❖ uptime -p → Shows system uptime in a human-
readable format.
❖ free -m → Displays memory usage in MB.
❖ free -g → Displays memory usage in GB.
❖ inxi → Shows comprehensive system hardware and
OS info.
❖ lsns → Lists all namespaces in the system.
❖ numactl → Displays NUMA node info and allows
process placement.
❖ taskset → Sets or displays CPU affinity for a process.
❖ dmesg → Shows kernel messages (boot, hardware,
driver info).
❖ blkid → Shows block devices with UUID and
filesystem type.
Power & Boot Management:
❖ shutdown → Schedules or immediately shuts down or
reboots the system.
❖ reboot → Restarts the system immediately.
❖ halt → Stops all CPU functions and brings the system
to a halt.
❖ poweroff → Powers off the system completely.
❖ init → Changes the system runlevel or initializes the
system (SysV).
❖ runlevel → Shows the current and previous runlevels.
❖ telinit → Changes the system runlevel (legacy).
❖ grub2-install → Installs GRUB2 bootloader on a disk.
❖ update-grub → Generates a new GRUB configuration
file.
❖ fsck -y /dev/sdX → Checks and automatically repairs
a filesystem.
❖ chroot → Changes root directory for recovery or
isolated environment.
❖ rescue mode → Boot mode for repairing system or
recovering from failures.
File Transfer & Sharing:
❖ scp -r → Recursively copies directories/files securely
over SSH.
❖ rsync -avz → Synchronizes files/directories with
archive mode, verbose output, and compression.
❖ curl -O → Downloads a file from a URL and saves it
with its original name.
❖ wget -c → Continues downloading a partially
downloaded file.
❖ nc -l -p 1234 > file + nc host 1234 < file → Transfers a
file over TCP using netcat (listener + sender).
❖ python3 -m http.server 8080 → Starts a simple HTTP
server on port 8080.
❖ nfs-utils → Provides utilities for mounting and
managing NFS shares.
❖ samba → Provides SMB/CIFS file sharing services on
Linux.
❖ smbclient → Connects to and interacts with
SMB/CIFS shares.
❖ mount.cifs → Mounts SMB/CIFS network shares on
Linux.
Virtualization & Containers:
❖ virsh → Manages and controls KVM/QEMU virtual
machines.
❖ virt-install → Creates and installs new virtual
machines on KVM/QEMU.
❖ qemu-img → Creates, converts, and manipulates disk
images for QEMU.
❖ docker → Manages Docker containers, images, and
networks.
❖ podman → Manages containers and images without
requiring a daemon (Docker alternative).
❖ ctr → CLI client for containerd to manage containers
and images.
❖ crictl → CLI for interacting with CRI-compatible
container runtimes (Kubernetes).
❖ lxc → Manages Linux containers (low-level).
❖ lxd → Provides a daemon and tools for managing LXC
containers (higher-level).

Developer Tools:
❖ gcc → GNU C/C++ compiler for compiling source
code into binaries.
❖ make → Automates building projects based on
Makefile rules.
 ❖ cmake → Cross-platform build system generator for
complex projects.
❖ ldd → Shows shared library dependencies of a binary.
❖ strace → Traces system calls and signals used by a
program.
❖ ltrace → Traces library calls made by a program.
❖ gdb → GNU debugger for debugging programs at
runtime.
❖ perf → Performance analysis tool for CPU profiling
and performance events.
❖ git → Distributed version control system for source
code management.
❖ svn → Centralized version control system
(Subversion).
❖ patch → Applies changes to files using diff output.

Troubleshooting & Recovery:

❖ journalctl -xe → Displays systemd logs with priority
and extended info for troubleshooting.
❖ systemctl rescue → Switches the system to rescue
mode (single-user, minimal services).
❖ grub2-install → Installs GRUB2 bootloader on a disk.
❖ update-grub → Regenerates GRUB configuration file.
❖ chroot → Changes root directory for recovery or
isolated environment.
 ❖ fsck -y /dev/sdX → Checks and automatically repairs
a filesystem on the specified device.
❖ rescue mode → Boot mode for repairing system
issues or recovering from failures.

Fun / Miscellaneous Linux commands:

❖ cowsay → Displays a message as spoken by an ASCII
cow (or other characters).
❖ fortune → Displays a random witty or inspirational
quote.
❖ sl → Steam Locomotive animation, a fun joke when ls
is mistyped.
❖ yes → Repeatedly outputs a string (default: “y”) until
stopped.
❖ rev → Reverses lines of text.
❖ cal → Displays a simple calendar for the current
month or specified month/year.
❖ ncal → Displays an alternate calendar format with
week numbers.
❖ date → Shows or sets the system date and time.
❖ timedatectl → Displays or changes system time, date,
and timezone.
❖ figlet → Creates large ASCII text banners from input.
❖ toilet → Creates colorful ASCII text banners with
effects.
Practice Recommendation
• Cloud: Launch a free-tier Linux VM (AWS, Oracle,
Azure, GCP) and practice commands.
• Local VM: Use Oracle VirtualBox or VMware to run
Ubuntu/CentOS/Debian safely.
• Tips: Start with basic commands (files, processes),
then try networking, monitoring, and system
management.
• Explore: Use man <command> or <command> --help
and try combining commands (e.g., ps aux | grep
<process>).
Practicing on a VM or cloud instance helps you learn
Linux and prepares you for DevOps/Cloud tasks.