1.

File and Directory Management  uniq – Report or omit repeated lines

 ls – List directory contents 3. Process Management

 cd – Change directory
 pwd – Print working directory  ps – Report a snapshot of current processes
 cp – Copy files and directories  top – Display Linux tasks
 mv – Move or rename files and directories  htop – Interactive process viewer (advanced top)
 rm – Remove files or directories  kill – Send a signal to a process, typically to terminate
 mkdir – Make directories  killall – Terminate processes by name
 rmdir – Remove empty directories  bg – Resume a suspended job in the background
 touch – Change file timestamps or create empty files  fg – Bring a job to the foreground
 find – Search for files in a directory hierarchy  jobs – List active jobs
 locate – Find files by name  nice – Run a program with modified scheduling priority
 tree – Display directories in a tree-like format  renice – Alter priority of running processes
 chmod – Change file permissions  uptime – Show how long the system has been running
 chown – Change file owner and group  time – Measure program running time
 chgrp – Change group ownership
 stat – Display file or file system status
4. Disk Management
 df – Report file system disk space usage
2. File Viewing and Editing  du – Estimate file space usage
 cat – Concatenate and display file content  fdisk – Partition table manipulator for Linux
 tac – Concatenate and display file content in reverse  lsblk – List information about block devices
 more – View file content interactively (page by page)  mount – Mount a file system
 less – View file content interactively (scrollable)  umount – Unmount a file system
 head – Output the first part of a file  parted – A partition manipulation program
 tail – Output the last part of a file  mkfs – Create a file system
 nano – Text editor (terminal-based)  fsck – File system consistency check and repair
 vim / vi – Advanced text editors  blkid – Locate/print block device attributes
 emacs – Text editor
 grep – Search text using patterns
5. Networking
 sed – Stream editor for filtering and transforming text  ifconfig – Configure network interfaces
 awk – Pattern scanning and processing language  ip – Show/manipulate routing, devices, and tunnels
 cut – Remove sections from each line of files  ping – Send ICMP Echo requests to network hosts
 sort – Sort lines of text files
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 netstat – Network statistics  lscpu – Display information about the CPU architecture
 ss – Socket statistics (faster than netstat)  lsusb – List USB devices
 traceroute – Trace the route packets take to a network host  lspci – List PCI devices
 nslookup – Query Internet name servers interactively  lshw – List hardware configuration
 dig – DNS lookup utility
 wget – Non-interactive network downloader 8. Archiving and Compression
 curl – Transfer data with URLs
 scp – Secure copy files between hosts  tar – Archive files
o tar -czf archive.tar.gz /path/to/directory – Compress files
 ssh – Secure shell for remote login
 ftp – File Transfer Protocol client using gzip
o tar -xzf archive.tar.gz – Extract gzipped tarball

o tar -cf archive.tar /path/to/directory – Create a tarball

6. User and Group Management
o tar -xf archive.tar – Extract tarball

 useradd – Add a user to the system  zip – Package and compress files into a ZIP archive
 usermod – Modify a user account  unzip – Extract files from a ZIP archive
 userdel – Delete a user account  gzip – Compress files using the gzip algorithm
 groupadd – Add a group to the system  gunzip – Decompress files compressed with gzip
 groupdel – Delete a group  bzip2 – Compress files using the bzip2 algorithm
 passwd – Change user password  bunzip2 – Decompress files compressed with bzip2
 chage – Change user password expiry information  xz – Compress files using the xz algorithm
 whoami – Print the current logged-in user  unxz – Decompress files compressed with xz
 who – Show who is logged in
 w – Show who is logged in and what they’re doing 9. Package Management (Depends on Distribution)
 id – Display user and group information
 groups – Show user’s groups Debian-based (e.g., Ubuntu)

 apt-get – APT package handling utility

7. System Information and Monitoring o apt-get install <package> – Install a package

o apt-get update – Update package list

 uname – Print system information
o apt-get upgrade – Upgrade installed packages
 hostname – Show or set the system’s hostname
o apt-get remove <package> – Remove a package
 uptime – How long the system has been running
 dmesg – Boot and system messages  apt-cache – Query APT cache
o apt-cache search <package> – Search for a package
 free – Display memory usage
o apt-cache show <package> – Show package details
 top – Display Linux tasks
 vmstat – Report virtual memory statistics Red Hat-based (e.g., CentOS, Fedora)
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  yum – Package manager for RPM-based systems 11. Scheduling Tasks
o yum install <package> – Install a package

o yum update – Update installed packages  cron – Daemon for running scheduled commands
o yum remove <package> – Remove a package o crontab -e – Edit cron jobs for the current user

 dnf – Next-generation package manager (Fedora, CentOS 8+) o crontab -l – List the current user’s cron jobs

o dnf install <package> – Install a package o crontab -r – Remove the current user's cron jobs

o dnf update – Update installed packages  at – Run commands at a specified time

o dnf remove <package> – Remove a package o at 09:00 – Schedule a command to run at 09:00 AM

 batch – Run commands when the system load is low

General Commands  sleep – Delay for a specified time
o sleep 5s – Sleep for 5 seconds
 rpm – RPM package manager
o rpm -i <package.rpm> – Install an RPM package

o rpm -e <package> – Remove an RPM package

12. File Permissions and Security
 dpkg – Debian package manager  chmod – Change file permissions
o dpkg -i <package.deb> – Install a Debian package
 chown – Change file owner and group
o dpkg -r <package> – Remove a Debian package
 chgrp – Change the group ownership of a file
 umask – Set default permissions for new files
10. System Services and Daemon Management  setfacl – Set file access control lists (ACL)
 systemctl – Control the systemd system and service manager  getfacl – Get file access control lists (ACL)
o systemctl start <service> – Start a service
 sudo – Execute a command as another user (usually root)
o systemctl stop <service> – Stop a service
 visudo – Edit the sudoers file safely
o systemctl restart <service> – Restart a service
 passwd – Change a user’s password
o systemctl enable <service> – Enable a service to start on boot
 sudoers – Manage sudo access for users
o systemctl disable <service> – Disable a service from starting
 gpasswd – Administer group password
on boot  ss – Display socket statistics (for secure network connections)
o systemctl status <service> – Check service status

 service – Older service management command (used in non-

13. System Backup and Restore
systemd systems)  rsync – Remote file and directory synchronization
o service <service> start – Start a service
o rsync -avz source/ destination/ – Synchronize files
o service <service> stop – Stop a service
o rsync -avz -e ssh source/ user@remote:/destination/ – Sync
o service <service> restart – Restart a service
over SSH
o service <service> status – Check service status
 cpio – Copy files to and from archives
 dd – Low-level copying and backup of entire filesystems
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 o dd if=/dev/sda of=/path/to/backup.img – Backup a o ip route – Show or manipulate routing tables
disk/partition  ss – Display socket statistics (useful for diagnosing network
o dd if=/path/to/backup.img of=/dev/sda – Restore a issues)
disk/partition  nmap – Network exploration tool (can be used for security
auditing)
14. System Diagnostics and Troubleshooting  telnet – User interface to the TELNET protocol (less common
nowadays)
 dmesg – Print the kernel ring buffer messages (system boot and  nc (Netcat) – Network utility for reading and writing from network
hardware-related messages) connections
 journalctl – Query and view logs from systemd’s journal o nc -l -p 1234 – Listen on port 1234
 strace – Trace system calls and signals o nc <host> <port> – Connect to a host and port
o strace <command> – Trace a command’s system calls
 iptables – Administration tool for IPv4 packet filtering and NAT
 lsof – List open files (useful for debugging) (Network Address Translation)
o lsof <file> – Show processes using a specific file
 firewalld – Frontend for managing firewall rules (used in some
 vmstat – Report virtual memory statistics distros like Fedora and CentOS)
 iostat – Report CPU and I/O statistics  ufw – Uncomplicated firewall (front-end for iptables)
 mpstat – Report CPU usage statistics o ufw enable – Enable firewall
 pidstat – Report statistics by process o ufw allow <port> – Allow traffic on a specific port
 free – Display memory usage  tcpdump – Command-line packet analyzer
 uptime – How long the system has been running  curl – Transfer data from or to a server using various protocols
 watch – Execute a program periodically, showing output (HTTP, FTP, etc.)
o watch -n 1 free – Watch memory usage every second
 wget – Download files from the web via HTTP, HTTPS, FTP
 lshw – List hardware configuration  scp – Secure copy over SSH (used to copy files between systems)
 htop – Interactive process viewer (better than top) o scp file.txt user@remote:/path/to/destination/ – Copy file to
 netstat – Network statistics (deprecated in favor of ss) remote server
 ss – Show socket statistics (more efficient than netstat)  rsync – Remote file and directory synchronization (often used for
backups)
15. Networking & Remote Management o rsync -avz /local/path/ remote:/remote/path/ – Sync

 ifconfig – Configure network interfaces (older command, directories

replaced by ip)
 ip – A more modern alternative for managing network interfaces 16. Text Processing Utilities
and routing  grep – Search for patterns within files
o ip addr – Show IP addresses
o grep 'pattern' file.txt – Search for a pattern in a file
o ip link – Show or manipulate network interfaces
o grep -r 'pattern' /dir/ – Recursively search for a pattern
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 sed – Stream editor for filtering and transforming text  init – Change the runlevel (old-style system manager)
o sed 's/old/new/g' file.txt – Replace old with new globally o init 0 – Shutdown

 awk – A powerful text processing language o init 6 – Reboot

o awk '{print $1}' file.txt – Print the first column of each line in

a file 18. File System Mounting and Management

 cut – Remove sections from each line of a file
o cut -d ':' -f 1 /etc/passwd – Print the first field of each line,
 mount – Mount a file system
o mount /dev/sda1 /mnt – Mount partition to a directory
delimited by ":"
 sort – Sort lines of text files  umount – Unmount a file system
o umount /mnt – Unmount the file system mounted at /mnt
o sort file.txt – Sort file content in ascending order

 uniq – Report or omit repeated lines in a file  fstab – File system table (configuration file for mounting file
o sort file.txt | uniq – Sort and remove duplicate lines
systems)
o /etc/fstab – View and configure persistent mount points
 tee – Read from standard input and write to standard output and
files  blkid – Display block device attributes
o echo "text" | tee file.txt – Write to file and show output on
 fsck – Check and repair a file system
o fsck /dev/sda1 – Check and repair /dev/sda1
screen
 tr – Translate or delete characters
o echo "hello" | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' – Convert lowercase to uppercase
19. Filesystem Permissions and Security
 paste – Merge lines of files  chmod – Change file permissions
o paste file1.txt file2.txt – Combine lines of file1 and file2 side o chmod 755 file.txt – Give read, write, and execute
by side permissions to owner, and read-execute permissions to
 wc – Word, line, character, and byte count others
o wc -l file.txt – Count lines in a file  chown – Change file owner and group
o wc -w file.txt – Count words in a file o chown user:group file.txt – Change owner and group of a file

 chgrp – Change group ownership of a file

17. System Shutdown and Reboot o chgrp group file.txt – Change the group of a file

 shutdown – Shut down the system  umask – Set default permissions for new files
o umask 022 – Set default permissions for newly created files
o shutdown -h now – Immediately shut down

o shutdown -r now – Reboot the system

to 755
o shutdown -h +10 – Shut down after 10 minutes
 setfacl – Set access control lists (ACL) for file permissions
 reboot – Reboot the system  getfacl – Get access control lists (ACL) for file permissions
 halt – Halt the system immediately (equivalent to turning off
power)
 poweroff – Power off the system
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 20. Containerization and Orchestration o kubectl apply -f <file>.yaml – Apply configuration
from a file (e.g., a deployment or pod configuration)
Docker o kubectl create -f <file>.yaml – Create a resource
from a file
 docker – Docker command-line interface (CLI) for managing o kubectl delete -f <file>.yaml – Delete a resource
containers defined in a file
o docker run <image> – Run a container from an image
o kubectl exec -it <pod_name> -- bash – Execute a
o docker ps – List running containers
command inside a pod (e.g., open a shell)
o docker ps -a – List all containers, including stopped ones
o kubectl logs <pod_name> – View the logs of a pod
o docker build -t <image_name> . – Build an image
o kubectl describe pod <pod_name> – Get detailed
from a Dockerfile information about a pod
o docker exec -it <container_id> bash – Start an
o kubectl scale deployment <deployment_name> --
interactive bash shell inside a running container replicas=<number> – Scale a deployment to the desired
o docker stop <container_id> – Stop a container
number of replicas
o docker rm <container_id> – Remove a container
o kubectl rollout restart deployment
o docker logs <container_id> – View logs of a container
<deployment_name> – Restart a deployment
o docker images – List available images
o kubectl port-forward pod <pod_name>
o docker rmi <image_name> – Remove an image
<local_port>:<remote_port> – Forward a port from a
o docker network ls – List Docker networks
pod to localhost
o docker-compose – Manage multi-container Docker

applications Helm
 docker-compose up – Start up a multi-container
 helm – Kubernetes package manager for deploying applications
environment
o helm install <release_name> <chart_name> –
 docker-compose down – Stop and remove containers
Install a Helm chart
created by docker-compose
o helm upgrade <release_name> <chart_name> –
 docker-compose logs – View logs from containers
Upgrade a Helm release
managed by docker-compose
o helm list – List all Helm releases

Kubernetes (k8s) o helm delete <release_name> – Delete a Helm release

o helm search <chart_name> – Search for a Helm chart

 kubectl – Command-line tool for interacting with Kubernetes
clusters 21. Automation and Configuration Management
o kubectl get pods – List pods in the current namespace

o kubectl get nodes – List nodes in the cluster Ansible

o kubectl get services – List services in the cluster
 ansible – Automation tool for configuration management
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 o ansible all -m ping – Ping all hosts defined in the o puppet resource – Show the current state of resources
inventory (files, services, etc.)
o ansible-playbook playbook.yml – Run an Ansible
playbook 22. CI/CD Tools and Commands
o ansible -m command -a 'command' <host> – Run a
single command on a target host Jenkins
o ansible-playbook --check playbook.yml – Dry-run  jenkins – Continuous integration tool
a playbook to see what would change o java -jar jenkins.war – Start Jenkins from a WAR file
o ansible-playbook --limit <host> playbook.yml – o Access Jenkins through http://localhost:8080 by default
Run a playbook on a specific host or group
o ansible-playbook --extra-vars "key=value" – GitLab CI
Pass extra variables to a playbook
 .gitlab-ci.yml – Configuration file for GitLab CI/CD pipelines
Terraform (typically resides in your repository)
o gitlab-runner register – Register a new runner with
 terraform – Infrastructure as code tool for provisioning and GitLab
managing cloud resources o gitlab-runner run – Run the GitLab Runner to process
o terraform init – Initialize a working directory for
jobs
Terraform configuration
o terraform plan – Show an execution plan (preview of GitHub Actions
what changes will be made)
 GitHub Actions uses YAML configuration files (typically located in
o terraform apply – Apply the changes described in a
.github/workflows/)
Terraform configuration
o actions/checkout@v2 – Checkout the repository code in
o terraform destroy – Destroy infrastructure created by
your CI pipeline
Terraform
o actions/setup-node@v2 – Setup Node.js for use in a
o terraform validate – Validate the configuration files
pipeline
o terraform show – Show the current state of the
o docker/setup-buildx-action@v1 – Set up Docker
infrastructure
Buildx for building multi-platform images
Puppet
23. Cloud Services
 puppet – Configuration management tool
o puppet apply <manifest.pp> – Apply a Puppet AWS CLI (Amazon Web Services)
manifest locally
 aws – Command-line tool for managing AWS services
o puppet agent --test – Test the Puppet agent (can be
o aws configure – Configure AWS CLI with your credentials
used to run a one-off run)
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 o aws s3 cp file.txt s3://bucket-name/ – Copy a  prometheus – Open-source system monitoring and alerting
file to an S3 bucket toolkit
o aws ec2 describe-instances – Describe EC2 instances o prometheus – Start Prometheus server (usually runs as a

o aws ec2 start-instances --instance-ids <id> – service in the background)

Start an EC2 instance o prometheus --config.file=<config_file> – Start

o aws ec2 stop-instances --instance-ids <id> – Prometheus with a specific config file
Stop an EC2 instance
o aws s3 sync – Sync directories with an S3 bucket Grafana

Azure CLI (Microsoft Azure)  grafana-cli – Command-line interface for managing Grafana
plugins
 az – Command-line tool for managing Azure services o grafana-cli plugins install <plugin-name> –

o az login – Log in to your Azure account Install a plugin in Grafana

o az vm list – List all virtual machines

o az vm start --name <vm_name> --resource-group

ELK Stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana)
<resource_group> – Start an Azure VM  elasticsearch – Search engine for logging and data analytics
o az storage blob upload – Upload files to an Azure
o curl -XGET
blob storage 'localhost:9200/_cluster/health?pretty' – Get
o az group create – Create a new resource group in Azure
cluster health status
Google Cloud SDK (gcloud)  logstash – Server-side data processing pipeline
o logstash -f <config_file> – Run Logstash with the

 gcloud – Command-line tool for Google Cloud Platform specified configuration file
o gcloud auth login – Log in to Google Cloud  kibana – Web interface for visualizing Elasticsearch data
o gcloud compute instances list – List compute o Kibana is generally accessed through a web browser

instances (http://localhost:5601)
o gcloud compute instances stop <instance_name>

– Stop a Google Cloud VM instance

o gcloud app browse – Open the current Google App

Engine application in a browser

24. Logging and Monitoring

Prometheus

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