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Computer Networks Detailed Notes

The document provides detailed notes on computer networks, covering their definition, types (PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN), devices (switches, routers, modems), transmission media (wired and wireless), topologies (bus, star, ring, mesh, tree), protocols (TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP), IP addressing (IPv4 and IPv6), network security measures (firewalls, antivirus, encryption), and cloud computing benefits. It emphasizes the importance of networking for resource sharing and communication. The notes serve as a comprehensive guide for Class 12 students studying computer networks.

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24 views2 pages

Computer Networks Detailed Notes

The document provides detailed notes on computer networks, covering their definition, types (PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN), devices (switches, routers, modems), transmission media (wired and wireless), topologies (bus, star, ring, mesh, tree), protocols (TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP), IP addressing (IPv4 and IPv6), network security measures (firewalls, antivirus, encryption), and cloud computing benefits. It emphasizes the importance of networking for resource sharing and communication. The notes serve as a comprehensive guide for Class 12 students studying computer networks.

Uploaded by

playerunknown25003
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Networks – Class 12 Notes (Detailed)

1. Introduction to Computer Networks


 A Computer Network is a group of interconnected computers that can share data,
software, and hardware devices.
 Need for networking: Efficient resource sharing, communication, and centralized data
management.
 Network enables data sharing among multiple devices.

2. Types of Networks
 PAN (Personal Area Network): Smallest network – used for connecting personal devices
like mobile phones, laptops, etc.
 LAN (Local Area Network): Covers a small geographical area like a home, school, or
office.
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Spans a city. Example: Cable TV networks.
 WAN (Wide Area Network): Spans large geographical areas. Example: Internet.

3. Network Devices
 Switch: Connects devices within a LAN and uses MAC addresses to forward data.
 Router: Connects different networks and routes data between them.
 Modem: Converts digital signals to analog and vice versa, for Internet access.
 Hub: Basic device used to connect multiple computers in a network. Sends data to all
devices.
 Repeater: Regenerates weak signals in a network to extend its range.

4. Transmission Media
 Wired (guided): Twisted pair cables, coaxial cable, and optical fiber.
 Wireless (unguided): Radio waves, microwaves, and infrared waves.

5. Network Topologies
 Bus Topology: Single central cable, all devices connected to it. Inexpensive but a failure
in cable affects entire network.
 Star Topology: All devices connected to a central hub. Easy to manage but hub failure
brings down the network.
 Ring Topology: Each device is connected to two others in a ring form. Data flows in one
direction.
 Mesh Topology: Every device is connected to every other device. Very reliable but
expensive.
 Tree Topology: Combination of star and bus topology.
6. Network Protocols
 TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol – fundamental for internet
data transfer.
 HTTP/HTTPS: Used for web browsing.
 FTP: File Transfer Protocol – used to transfer files.
 SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol – used to send emails.
 POP3/IMAP: Used to receive emails.

7. IP Address
 A unique address assigned to each device on a network.
 IPv4: 32-bit address (e.g., 192.168.1.1) – most common.
 IPv6: 128-bit address – newer version due to IPv4 exhaustion.

8. Network Security
 Firewall: Monitors incoming and outgoing traffic to block harmful content.
 Antivirus: Protects against malicious software.
 Encryption: Scrambling data so that unauthorized users cannot read it.
 User Authentication: Login IDs, passwords, OTPs, biometrics.

9. Cloud Computing
 Accessing data and applications over the Internet instead of local computers.
 Advantages: Scalability, low cost, accessibility from anywhere.
 Examples: Google Drive, Dropbox, Microsoft Azure, AWS.

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