A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
Chapter 16 Data representation
Data representation
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Fixed and Floating-Point Number
A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
Fixed and Floating-Point Number:
In digital technology, data is stored in memory registers with binary bits 0’s and 1’s
because the computer only understands binary language. When we enter data in the
system, it is converted into binary bits, and it is processed and used in the CPU in
different ways.
Data representation
Memory registers have a format and a specific range to store data. Scientists have
designed a real number representation method in memory registers of 8 bit, 16 bit,
32bit.
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
There two types of approaches that are developed to store real numbers with the
proper method.
•Fixed point number
Data representation
•Floating point number
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16 Fixed point representation
In computing, fixed-point number representation is a real data type for a number. With the help
of fixed number representation, data is converted into binary form, and then data is processed,
stored and used by the system.
Fixed point representation of data
Data representation
Sign bit -The fixed-point numbers in binary uses a sign bit. A positive number has a sign bit 0,
while a negative number has a sign bit 1.
Integral Part – The integral part is of different lengths at different places. It depends on the
register's size, like in an 8-bit register, integral part is 4 bits.
Fractional part – Fractional part is also of different lengths at different places. It depends on the
register's size, like in an 8-bit register, integral part is of 3 bits.
8 bits = 1Sign bit + 4 bits(integral) + 3bits (fractional part)
16 bits = 1Sign bit + 9 bits(integral) +6 bits (fractional part)
32 bits = 1Sign bit + 15 bits(integral) + 9 bits (fractional part)
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16 How to write the number in Fixed-point notation?
Number is 4.5
Step 1:- Convert the number into binary form. Note:- Range of fixed-point
notation is from -15.875
4.5 = 100.1 to +15.875. We conclude that
Step 2:- Represent binary number in Fixed point notation the fixed-point notation range is
very less as we can only
represent the number in a set
limit. It is not suitable for
presenting a large amount of
The smallest negative number in fixed-point representation. data, so it is not used in
Data representation
computer nowadays.
Therefore, scientists feel that the
system needs a new
representation format with the
least or no limit because data is
becoming a vast nowadays. So,
floating-point representation
came into existence.
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16 Floating-point representation
To discard the limitation of fixed-point notation, floating-point number
representation was developed by scientists. The computer system uses floating-point
numbers representation to convert input data into binary form. The binary form
number is converted into ‘scientific notation,' and then this scientific notation is
converted into floating-point representation.
Data representation
The floating-point notation has two types of notation
1.Scientific notation
2.Normalized notation
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16 Scientific notation –
Method of representing binary numbers into a x be form. Scientific notation is further
converted into floating-point notation because floating-point notation only accepts
scientific notation. For example:-
Number = 376.423 ( its not scientific notation)
Number in scientific = 36.4423 x 101 or 3.64423 x 102
Data representation
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
For example:- 32.625 x 103
1101.101 * 2101
where 1101.101 is the mantissa part.
2101 = It is the base part where we need not explicitly represent radix or base
because the binary base is always 2.
Data representation
Note: The major problem in this notation is while storing mantissa, we need
to tell the decimal position every time to the processor. So to overcome this
problem, normalized notation was invented and used.
Normalized notation- It is a special case of scientific notation. Normalized
means after the decimal point, we have atleast one non-zero digit.
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16 Normalized notation -
where, value of m= .1?m?1, b= base, e= exponent integer
± 0.1bbbb…..b * 2±e
Data representation
If mantissa =101, then the processor will interpret it as 0.101 itself, so it's not
necessary to tell the position of the decimal point every time to the processor.
For example- .36 x 1035 is a normalized notation in which the value of m is between
.1 to 1. In normalized notation, value of m remains between .1 ?m?1.
For example:- 1101.101 * 2101 = (5)10 (convert this into normalized form)
0.1101101 * 2(1001)2 =(9)10=(5+4)10
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
So, there is no need to tell about the decimal point's position every time to the
processor.
•Zero (0) cannot be represented or normalized because the representation set starts
from 0.1, so how can we normalize zero. It’s not possible.
• If the most significant bit of mantissa is a non zero, then such a representation is
called normalized floating-point.
Data representation
So, four things are used to represent a floating-point number: -
1.Sign of Mantissa
2.Sign of Exponent
3.Magnitude of Mantissa
4.Magnitude of Exponent
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16 How to represent a number in floating-point
representation?
Floating-point representation of data in a 16-bit register.
Sign bit -The fixed-point numbers in binary uses a sign bit. A positive number has a sign bit 0,
Data representation
while a negative number has a sign bit 1. In floating-point representation, sign of a number
always depends on mantissa, not on exponent. Hence sign bit in the format is always for mantissa
and not for the exponent.
Mantissa Part –Mantissa part is of different length at a different place. It depends on the size of
the register like in 16-bit register; mantissa part is of 8 bits.
Exponent part – Exponent is the power of the number. It depends on the register's size; like in
the 16-bit register, exponent part is 7 bits. Excess 16,64,128, 512 are used to store exponent in
this format.
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16 Convert a decimal number to binary floating point
representation
To convert a decimal number to binary floating point representation:
• Convert the absolute value of the decimal number to a binary integer
plus a binary fraction.
• Normalize the number in binary scientific notation to obtain m and e.
Data representation
• Set s=0 for a positive number and s=1 for a negative number.
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
First calculate -6 in pure binary
Data representation
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
Data representation
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
Data representation
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
Data representation
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16 Converting from Binary to Denary
A POSITIVE NUMBER SHOULD
ALWAYS START WITH 0 THAN 1
PLUS GET RID OF ANY
MEANINGLESS 0 ON THE LEFT
HAND SIDE. SO THAT YOU HAVE
THIS IS 4 BITS AGAIN ALLTOGATHER.
CERTAINLY A
Data representation
POSITIVE
NUMBER
SINCE THE
LEFT MOST
DIGIT IS A 0
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
BY PUTTING THE DECIMAL POINT IMMIDIATLY TO THE RIGHT AFTER THE MOST
SIGNIFICANT DIGIT.
Data representation
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
Data representation
Converting from Binary to Denary
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
THIS IS CERTAINLY A A POSITIVE NUMBER SHOULD
POSITIVE NUMBER ALWAYS START WITH 0 THAN 1
Data representation
SINCE THE LEFT MOST PLUS GET RID OF ANY
DIGIT IS A 0 MEANINGLESS 0 ON THE LEFT
HAND SIDE. SO THAT YOU HAVE 4
BITS AGAIN ALLTOGATHER.
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
Since we have moved the
digit to the right we have
2-2
Data representation
Add the both exponent values.
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
Data representation
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
Data representation
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
Data representation
You then need to remove
the leading ones from the
mantissa and pad it with
trailing zeros,
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
You then need to
Data representation
remove the leading
ones from the
mantissa and pad it
with trailing zeros,
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
Data representation
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
Data representation
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
Data representation
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
Data representation
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A-Level CS 9618
Chapter 16
Data representation
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