Chapter 1 Introduction to Routing and Packet Forwarding

CIS 82 Routing Protocols and Concepts Rick Graziani Cabrillo College graziani@cabrillo.edu Last Updated: 2/16/2009

This Presentation
For detailed information see the notes section within this PowerPoint. This presentation is based on the Exploration course/book, Routing Protocols and Concepts. For a copy of this presentation and access to my web site for other CCNA, CCNP, and Wireless resources please email me for a username and password. Email: graziani@cabrillo.edu Web Site: www.cabrillo.edu/~rgraziani

Note
This chapter contains mostly introductory material. Most of not all of this information will be explained in more detail in later chapters or later courses. The bootup process and the IOS are examined in a later course. Do not worry or focus too much on the details for now. This will all be examined and explained in the following chapters.

For further information

This presentation is an overview of what is covered in the curriculum/book. For further explanation and details, please read the chapter/curriculum. Book: Routing Protocols and Concepts By Rick Graziani and Allan Johnson ISBN: 1-58713-206-0 ISBN-13: 978-58713206-3

Topics
Inside the Router Routers are computers Router CPU and Memory Internetwork Operating System Router Bootup Process Router Ports and Interfaces Routers and the Network Layer Path Determination and Switching Function Packet Fields and Frame Formats Best Path and Metrics Equal Cost Load Balancing Path Determination Switching Function

CLI Configuration and Addressing Implementing Basic Addressing Schemes Basic Router Configuration Building the Routing Table Introducing the Routing Table Directly Connected Networks Static Routing Dynamic Routing Routing Table Principles

Inside the Router

Routers are computers Router CPU and Memory Internetwork Operating System Router Bootup Process Router Ports and Interfaces Routers and the Network Layer

Routers are Computers

Leonard Kleinrock and the first IMP.

A router is a computer: CPU, RAM, ROM, Operating System The first router: used for the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET): IMP (Interface Message Processor) Honeywell 516 minicomputer that brought the ARPANET to life on August 30, 1969.

 Routers forwarding packets (packet switching): From the original source to the final destination. Selects best path based on destination IP address A router connects multiple networks: Interfaces on different IP networks

 Router interfaces: LAN WAN

Routers Determine the Best Path

The routers primary responsibility: Determining the best path Forwarding packets toward their destination
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Routers Determine the Best Path

IP Packet enters routers Ethernet interface. Router examines the packets destination IP address. Router searches for a best match between packets destination IP address and network address in routing table. Using the exit-interface in the route, the packet is forwarded to the next router or the final destination.

Routing table Determines best path. Best match between destination IP address and network address in routing table

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Router CPU and Memory

CPU - Executes operating system instructions Random access memory (RAM) running copy of configuration file routing table ARP cache Read-only memory (ROM) Diagnostic software used when router is powered up. Routers bootstrap program Scaled down version of operating system IOS Non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) Stores startup configuration. (including IP addresses, Routing protocol) Flash memory - Contains the operating system (Cisco IOS) Interfaces - There exist multiple physical interfaces that are used to connect network. Examples of interface types: Ethernet / fast Ethernet interfaces Serial interfaces Management interfaces

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Router physical characteristics

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Cisco IOS - Internetwork Operating System

Responsible for managing the hardware and software resources: Allocating memory Managing processes Security Managing file systems Many different IOS images. An IOS image is a file that contains the entire IOS for that router. Router model IOS features Example IPv6 or a routing protocol such as Intermediate System toIntermediate System (IS-IS).

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Router Bootup Process (more in later course)

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Bootup Process

running-config IOS (running)

startup-config

IOS

Bootup program ios (partial)

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Where is the permanent configuration file stored used during boot-up?

Where is the backup (partial) copy of the IOS stored? Where is IOS permanently stored before it is copied into RAM? Where are the bootsystem commands stored which are used to locate the IOS?

NVRAM
ROM FLASH NVRAM

Where is the diagnostics software stored executed by hardware modules? ROM

running-config IOS (running)

startup-config

IOS

Bootup program ios (partial)

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? ? ? ? ? ? ?

running-config IOS (running)

startup-config

IOS

Bootup program ios (partial)

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startup-config IOS

running-config ios (partial)

Bootup program IOS (running)

running-config IOS (running)

startup-config

IOS

Bootup program ios (partial)

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Router Boot Process Details (later)

1. ROM
1. POST 2. Bootstrap code executed 3. Check Configuration Register value (NVRAM) 0 = ROM Monitor mode 1 = ROM IOS 2 - 15 = startup-config in NVRAM 2. Check for IOS boot system commands in startup-config file (NVRAM) If boot system commands in startup-config a. Run boot system commands in order they appear in startup-config to locate the IOS b If boot system commands fail, use default fallback sequence to locate the IOS (Flash, TFTP, ROM) 3. Locate and load IOS, Default fallback sequence: No IOS boot system commands in startup-config a. Flash (sequential) b. TFTP server (netboot) - The router uses the configuration register value to form a filename from which to boot a default system image stored on a network server. c. ROM (partial IOS) or keep retrying TFTP depending upon router model - If no IOS located, get partial IOS version from ROM 4. Locate and load startup-config configuration a. If startup-config found, copy to running-config b. If startup-config not found, prompt for setup-mode c. If setup-mode bypassed, create a skeleton default running-config (no startup-config)

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Verify the router boot-up process

show version command is used to view information about the router during the bootup process (later).

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Ports and Interfaces

Port - normally means one of the management ports used for administrative access Interface normally refers to interfaces that are capable of sending and receiving user traffic. Note: However, these terms are often used interchangeably in the industry and even with IOS output.

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Management Ports

Console port Terminal PC running terminal emulator software No need for network access Used for initial configuration

Auxiliary (AUX) port Not all routers have auxiliary ports. At times, can be used similarly to a console port Can also be used to attach a modem. Note: Auxiliary ports will not be used in this curriculum.

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Router Interfaces

Interfaces - Receive and forward packets. Various types of networks Different types of media and connectors. Different types of interfaces. Fast Ethernet interfaces - LANs Serial interfaces - WAN connections including T1, DSL, and ISDN

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Router Interfaces

FastEthernet 0/0 MAC: 0c00-41cc-ae12 10.1.0.1/16

FastEthernet 0/0 MAC: 0c00-3a44-190a 192.168.1.1/24

Serial 0/0 172.16.1.1/24

Serial 0/1 172.16.1.2/24

Router Interface: Different network IP address and subnet mask of that network Cisco IOS will not allow two active interfaces on the same router to belong to the same network.

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LAN Interfaces

Ethernet and Fast Ethernet interfaces Connects the router to the LAN Layer 2 MAC address Participates in the Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol (ARP): Maintains ARP cache for that interface Sends ARP requests when needed Responds with ARP replies when required Typically an RJ-45 jack (UTP). Router to switch: straight-through cable Router to router: crossover cable
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WAN Interfaces

Point-to-Point, ISDN, and Frame Relay interfaces Connects routers to external networks. The Layer 2 encapsulation can be different types including: PPP Frame Relay HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control). Note: MAC addresses are used only on Ethernet interfaces and are not on WAN interfaces. Layer 2 WAN encapsulation types and addresses are covered in a later course.
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Routers at the Network Layer

Layer 3 device because its primary forwarding decision is based on the information in the Layer 3 IP packet (destination IP address). This is known as routing.
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Routers Operate at Layers 1, 2, and 3

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Path Determination and Switching Functions

Packet Fields and Frame Formats Best Path and Metrics Equal Cost Load Balancing Path Determination Switching Function

Path Determination and Switching Functions

The following sections focus on exactly what happens to data as it moves from source to destination. Review the packet and frame field specifications Discuss in detail how the frame fields change from hop to hop, whereas the packet fields remain unchanged

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Ethernet Frame

IPv4 (Internet Protocol)

Layer 2 addresses: Interface-to-Interface on the same network. Changes as packet is decapsulated and encapsulated from network to network Layer 3 addresses: Original source layer 3 address (IP) Final destination layer 3 address (IP) Does not change (except with NAT, but this is not a concern of IP but an internal network process)

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Best Path

Routers best-path to a network: optimum or shortest path Routing protocol dependent Dynamic routing protocols use their own rules and metrics. A metric is the quantitative value used to measure the distance to a given route. The best path to a network is the path with the lowest metric. Example, a router will prefer a path that is one hop away over a path that is two hops away.
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Best Path

1.5 Mbps

1.5 Mbps

Comparing Dynamic Routing Protocols: RIP and OSPF RIP uses hop count R1 to R3 Fewer links but much slower OSPF uses bandwidth R1 to R2 to R3 More routers but much faster links
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To reach the 192.168.1.0/24 network it is 2 hops via R2 and 2 hops via R4.

Equal Cost Load Balancing

192.168.1.0/24

What happens if a routing table has two or more paths with the same metric to the same destination network? (equal-cost metric) Router will perform equal-cost load balancing.
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Equal-Cost Paths Versus UnequalCost Paths

T1 T3

192.168.1.0/24

Can a router use multiple paths if the paths (cost, metric) to reach the destination network are not equal? Yes, if the routers are using the EIGRP routing protocol which supports unequal cost load balancing.
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Path Forwarding

Packet forwarding involves two functions: Path determination function Switching function

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Path Forwarding

Router receives packet.

Destination IP address matches a network on one of its directly connected networks. Packet is forwarded out that network.

Directly connected network

Path determination function is the process of how the router determines which path to use when forwarding a packet. To determine the best path, the router searches its routing table for a network address that matches the packets destination IP address. One of three path determinations results from this search: Directly connected network Remote network No route determined

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Path Forwarding

Router receives packet.

Destination IP address matches a remote network which can only be reached via another router. Packet is forwarded out that network to the next-hop router.

Remote network

Path determination function is the process of how the router determines which path to use when forwarding a packet. To determine the best path, the router searches its routing table for a network address that matches the packets destination IP address. One of three path determinations results from this search: Directly connected network Remote network No route determined

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Path Forwarding

Router receives packet.

Destination IP address does NOT match any network in the routers routing table. Packet is dropped.

No route determined

Does this mean the network does not Path determination function is the process of how the router determines exist? which path to use when forwarding a packet.
To determine the best path, the router searches its routing table for a No, only address that the router does not know network that matches the packets destination IP address. about that network. (later) results from this search: One of three path determinations Directly connected network Remote network No route determined

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Path Forwarding

Switching function is the process used by a router to: Accept a packet on one interface and Forward it out another interface A key responsibility of the switching function is to encapsulate packets in the appropriate data-link frame type for the outgoing data link.

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192.168.4.10

Path Forwarding
192.168.1.10

Layer 2 Data Link Frame

Dest. MAC 0B-31 00-10 Source MAC 00-20 0A-10 Type 800

Layer 3 IP Packet
Dest. IP 192.168.4.10 Source IP 192.168.1.10 IP fields Data Trailer

What does a router do with a packet received from one network and destined for another network? 1. Decapsulates the Layer 3 packet by removing the Layer 2 frame header and trailer 2. Examines the destination IP address of the IP packet to find the best path in the routing table 3. Encapsulates the Layer 3 packet into a new Layer 2 frame and forwards the frame out the exit interface

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Remember: Encapsulation
These addresses do not change! These change from host to router, router to router, and router to host.
Layer 2 Data Link Frame
Destination Address Source Address Type Data Trailer

Layer 3 IP Packet
Destination IP Address Source IP Address Other IP fields Data

Next hop Data Link Address of Host or Routers interface

Current Data Link Address of Host or Routers exit interface

Now, lets do an example

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Layer 2 Data Link Frame

Dest. Dest. Add MAC MAC 0B-31 FF-FF 00-10 Source Add MAC 0A-10 00-20 Type 800

Layer 3 IP Packet
Dest. IP 192.168.4.10 Source IP 192.168.1.10 IP fields Data Trailer

This is just a summary. The details will be shown next! Now for the details

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Layer 2 Data Link Frame

Dest. MAC 00-10 Source MAC 0A-10 Type 800

Layer 3 IP Packet
Dest. IP 192.168.4.10 Source IP 192.168.1.10 IP fields Data Trailer

From Host X to Router RTA Host X begins by encapsulating the IP packet into a data link frame (in this case Ethernet) with RTAs Ethernet 0 interfaces MAC address as the data link destination address. How does Host X know to forward to packet to RTA and not directly to Host Y? IP Source and IP Destination Addresses are on different networks How does Host X know or get RTAs Ethernet address? Checks ARP Table for Default Gateway IP Address and associated MAC Address. What if it there is not an entry in the ARP Table? Host X sends an ARP Request and RTA sends an ARP Reply
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Layer 2 Data Link Frame

Dest. MAC 0B-31 00-10 Source Source MAC MAC 00-20 0A-10 Type Type 800 800

Layer 3 IP Packet
Dest. IP 192.168.4.10 Source IP 192.168.1.10 IP fields Data Trailer Trailer

RTA ARP Cache IP Address MAC Address 192.168.2.2 0B-31

Network 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.4.0/24

RTA Routing Table Hops Next-hop-ip Exit-interface 0 Dir.Conn. e0 0 Dir.Conn e1 1 192.168.2.2 e1 2 192.168.2.2 e1

RTA 1. RTA examines Destination MAC address, which matches the E0 MAC address, so it copies in the frame. 2. RTA sees the Type field is 0x800, IP packet in the data field, a packet which needs to be routed. 3. RTA strips off the Ethernet frame. RTA looks up the Destination IP Address in its routing table. 192.168.4.0/24 has next-hop-ip address of 192.168.2.2 and an exit-interface of e1. Since the exit interface is on an Ethernet network, RTA must resolve the next-hop-ip address with a destination MAC address. 4. RTA looks up the next-hop-ip address of 192.168.2.2 in its ARP cache. If the entry was not in the ARP cache, the RTA would need to send an ARP request out e1. RTB would send back an ARP reply, so RTA can update its ARP cache with an entry for 192.168.2.2. 5. Packet is encapsulated into a new data link (Ethernet) frame. 46

Layer 2 Data Link Frame

Dest. Add MAC FF-FF 0B-31 Source Add MAC 00-20 Type 800

Layer 3 IP Packet
Dest. IP 192.168.4.10 Source IP 192.168.1.10 IP fields Data Trailer

Network 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24 192.168.4.0/24

RTB Routing Table Hops Next-hop-ip Exit-interface 1 192.168.2.1 e0 0 Dir.Conn e0 0 Dir.Conn s0 1 192.168.3.2 s0

RTB 1. RTB examines Destination MAC address, which matches the E0 MAC address, and copies in the frame. 2. RTB sees Type field, 0x800, IP packet in the data field, a packet which needs to be routed. 3. RTB strips off the Ethernet frame. RTB looks up the Destination IP Address in its routing table. 192.168.4.0/24 has next-hop-ip address of 192.168.3.2 and an exit-interface of Serial0. Since the exit interface is not an Ethernet network, RTB does not have to resolve the next-hop-ip address with a destination MAC address. When the interface is a point-to-point serial connection, (like a pipe), RTB encapsulates the IP packet into the proper data link frame, using the proper serial encapsulation (HDLC, PPP, etc.). The data link destination address is set to a broadcast (theres only one other end of the pipe). 5. Packet is encapsulated into a new data link (serial, PPP) frame and sent out the link.

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Layer 2 Data Link Frame

Dest. Dest. Add MAC FF-FF 0B-20 Source SourceAdd MAC 0C-22 Type Type 800 800

Layer 3 IP Packet
Dest. IP 192.168.4.10 Source IP 192.168.1.10 IP fields Data Trailer

RTC ARP Cache IP Address MAC Address 192.168.4.10 0B-20

RTC Routing Table Network Hops Next-hop-ip Exit-interface 192.168.1.0/24 2 192.168.3.1 s0 192.168.2.0/24 1 192.168.3.1 s0 192.168.3.0/24 0 Dir.Conn s0 192.168.4.0/24 0 Dir.Conn e0

RTC 1. RTC copies in the data link (serial, PPP) frame. 2. RTC sees the Type field is 0x800, IP packet in the data field, a packet which needs to be routed. 3. RTC strips off the data link, serial, frame. RTC looks up the Destination IP Address in its routing table.
RTC realizes that this Destination IP Address is on the same network as one of its interfaces and it can sent the packet directly to the destination and not another router. Since the exit interface is on an directly connected Ethernet network, RTC must resolve the destination ip address with a destination MAC address. 2. RTC looks up the destination ip address of 192.168.4.10 in its ARP cache. If the entry was not in the ARP cache, the RTC would need to send an ARP request out e0. Host Y would send back an ARP reply, so RTC can update its ARP cache with an entry for 192.168.4.10.

5. Packet is encapsulated into a new data link (Ethernet) frame and sent out the interface. 48

Layer 2 Data Link Frame

Dest. MAC 0B-20 Source MAC 0C-22 Type 800

Layer 3 IP Packet
Dest. IP 192.168.4.10 Source IP 192.168.1.10 IP fields Data Trailer

Host Y Layer 2: Data Link Frame 1. Host Y examines Destination MAC address, which matches its Ethernet interface MAC address, and copies in the frame. 2. Host Y sees the Type field is 0x800, IP packet in the data field, which needs to be sent to its IP process. 3. Host Y strips off the data link, Ethernet, frame and sends it to its IP process. Layer 3: IP Packet 4. Host Ys IP process examines the Destination IP Address to make sure it matches its own IP Address.. If it does not, the packet will be dropped. 5. The packets protocol field is examined to see where to send the data portion of this IP packet: TCP, UDP or other? Layer 4: TCP, UDP or other? 49

Layer 2 Data Link Frame

Dest. Dest. Add MAC MAC 0B-31 FF-FF 00-10 Source Add MAC 0A-10 00-20 Type 800

Layer 3 IP Packet
Dest. IP 192.168.4.10 Source IP 192.168.1.10 IP fields Data Trailer

The summary once again!

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CLI Configuration and Addressing

Implementing Basic Addressing Schemes Basic Router Configuration

Learning IOS: Lab 1.5.2 (Cabrillo College Version)

Networking Lab

NetLab

Packet Tracer

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Establishing a HyperTerminal session (next week)

Router

Console port
Rollover cable Terminal or a PC with terminal emulation software

Com1 or Com2 serial port

Take the following steps to connect a terminal to the console port on the router: Connect the terminal using the RJ-45 to RJ-45 rollover cable and an RJ-45 to DB-9 or RJ-45 to DB-25 adapter. Configure the terminal or PC terminal emulation software for 9600 baud, 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, and no flow control.
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Establishing a Terminal session

Tera Term HyperTerminal (comes with Windows) Putty

=
Important: A console connection is not the same as a network connection!

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When do you need to use a console connection to the router?

When there is not a network connection to the router (cant use telnet).

What software do you need?

Tera Term, HyperTerminal, Putty, etc. PC: Serial port & Router: Console Port Rollover or Console Cable

What cable and ports do you use?

Terminal Connection No network connection needed Serial

Console Port

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C:\> ping C:\> telnet

Ethernet Connection Network connection needed

NIC

What
What

When should you not use a network connection to configure the router?

router (telnet). software/command do you need? TCP/IP, Terminal prompt (DOS), Tera Term, etc. cable and ports do you use? PC & Router: Ethernet NIC Ethernet straight-through cable When the change may disconnect the telnet connection.
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When can you use a network connection to the router? When there is a network connection to the

C:\> ping C:\> telnet

Ethernet Connection Network connection needed

NIC Serial

Terminal Connection No network connection needed

Console Port

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NetLab

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NetLab
Basic Router Pod

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Your Interfaces may differ

R1# show ip interface brief
Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol

FastEthernet0/0 FastEthernet0/1 Serial0/0 Serial0/1

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2 192.168.2.1 unassigned

YES YES YES YES

manual manual manual manual

up up up up

up up up up

FastEthernet 0 = FastEthernet 0/0 FastEthernet 1 = FastEthernet 0/1 = FastEthernet 1/0

Serial 0 = Serial 0/0 = Serial 0/0/0

Serial 1 = Serial 0/1 = Serial 0/0/1

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Learning IOS: Lab 1.5.2 (Cabrillo College Version)

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Command Overview (partial list from lab)

Router> Router> enable Router# Router# configure terminal Router(config)# exit Router# config t Router(config)# hostname name Router(config)# enable secret password Router(config)# line console 0 Router(config-line)# password password Router(config-line)# login Router(config)# line vty 0 4 Router(config-line)# password password Router(config-line)# login privilege password console password user mode privilege mode

telnet password

Router(config)# banner motd # message #

Router(config)# interface type number Router(config-if)# ip address address mask Router(config-if)# description description Router(config-if)# no shutdown

banner
configure interface

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Other Commands
Router# copy running-config startup-config Router# Router# Router# Router# show show show show running-config ip route ip interface brief interfaces

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Different Modes
Router# hostname R1 ^ % Invalid input detected at '^' marker. Router# configure terminal Router(config)# hostname R1 R1(config)#

IOS commands must be entered in the correct mode.

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Serial Connectors
Smart Serial Older Serial

2500 have the older, larger serial interfaces Later Cisco routers use the smart serial interfaces which allows more data to be forwarded across fewer cable pins.

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Serial Connectors

DCE Cable

DTE Cable
Router is typically a DTE device. The DTE cable is connected to the serial interface on the router to a CSU/DSU device (DCE).

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WAN Interface Configuration

R1(config)# interface Serial0/0 R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 R1(config-if)# description Link to R2 R1(config-if)# clock rate 64000 DCE Only R1(config-if)# no shutdown

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Unsolicited Messages from IOS

R1(config)# interface fastethernet0/0 R1(config-if)# ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0 R1(config-if)# no shutdown R1(config-if)# descri *Mar 1 01:16:08.212: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up *Mar 1 01:16:09.214: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to upption R1(config-if)# The IOS often sends unsolicited messages Does not affect the command Can cause you to lose your place when typing.

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Unsolicited Messages from IOS

R1(config)# line console 0 R1(config-line)# logging synchronous

R1(config-if)# descri *Mar 1 01:28:04.242: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up *Mar 1 01:28:05.243: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up R1(config-if)# description

To keep the unsolicited output separate from your input, enter line configuration mode for the console port and add the logging synchronous

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LAN Interface Configuration

R1(config)# interface FastEthernet0/0 R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 R1(config-if)# description R1 LAN R1(config-if)# no shutdown

Fa0/1

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Each Interface Belongs to a Different Network

R1(config)# interface FastEthernet0/1 R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.0 overlaps with FastEthernet0/0 R1(config-if)# no shutdown 192.168.1.0 overlaps with FastEthernet0/0 FastEthernet0/1: incorrect IP address assignment

192.168.1.1/24 192.168.1.2/24 Same Network!

Fa0/1

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Each Interface Belongs to a Different Network

R1# show ip interface brief Interface IP-Address FastEthernet0/0 192.168.1.1 Serial0/0 192.168.2.1 FastEthernet0/1 192.168.1.2 Serial0/1 unassigned OK? YES YES YES YES Method manual manual manual Status Protocol up up up up administratively down down unset administratively down down

Fa0/1

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Verifying Interfaces
R1# show interfaces <some interfaces not shown> FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up (connected) Hardware is Lance, address is 0007.eca7.1511 (bia 00e0.f7e4.e47e) Description: R1 LAN Internet address is 192.168.1.1/24 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 100000 Kbit, DLY 100 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255 Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00, Last input 00:00:08, output 00:00:05, output hang never Last clearing of show interface counters never Queueing strategy: fifo Output queue :0/40 (size/max) 5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 0 packets input, 0 bytes, 0 no buffer Received 0 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles <output omitted> Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up (connected) Hardware is HD64570 Description: Link to R2 Internet address is 192.168.2.1/24 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255 Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec) Last input never, output never, output hang never <output omitted>

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Verify Router Configuration

R1# show running-config ! version 12.3 ! hostname R1 ! interface FastEthernet0/0 description R1 LAN ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface Serial0/0 description Link to R2 ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 clock rate 64000 ! banner motd ^C ****************************************** WARNING!! Unauthorized Access Prohibited!! ****************************************** ^C ! line con 0 password cisco login line vty 0 4 password cisco login ! end

Note: shutdown is the default. no shutdown does not show in the configuration.

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Save Configuration
R1# copy running-config startup-config R1# show startup-config Using 728 bytes ! version 12.3 ! hostname R1 ! interface FastEthernet0/0 description R1 LAN ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface Serial0/0 description Link to R2 ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0 clock rate 64000 ! banner motd ^C ****************************************** WARNING!! Unauthorized Access Prohibited!! ****************************************** ^C line con 0 password cisco login line vty 0 4 password cisco login ! end

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Building the Routing Table

Introducing the Routing Table Directly Connected Networks

Show Routing Table

R1# show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route Gateway of last resort is not set C C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0

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Introducing the Routing Table

R1# show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area * - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR P - periodic downloaded static route Gateway of last resort is not set C C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0

Routing table is a data file in RAM that is used to store route information about: Directly connected networks Remote networks

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Introducing the Routing Table

R1# show ip route <output omitted> C C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0

Exit Interfaces

Directly connected interfaces contain the exit interface (more later)

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Introducing the Routing Table

R1# show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP <output omitted> C C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0

Directly Connected Networks

directly connected network is a network that is directly attached to one of the router interfaces. When a routers interface is configured with an IP address and subnet mask, the interface becomes a host on that attached network. Active directly connected networks are added to the routing table.

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Introducing the Routing Table

R1# show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP <output omitted> C C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0

Remote Network

A remote network is a network that is not directly connected to the router. A remote network is a network that can only be reached by sending the packet to another router. Remote networks are added to the routing table using: (later) Dynamic routing protocol Static routes
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Routing and Packet Forwarding

CIS 82 Routing Protocols and Concepts Rick Graziani Cabrillo College graziani@cabrillo.edu