TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
CONTENTS
• Introduction to transformers and relays
• Need for transformer protection
• Short circuit protection
• External faults
• Over current and earth faults
• du/dt protection
• Frame leakage protection
• Over flux protection and winding hot spot temp. protection
• In-Phase transformer protection
• Grounding transformers
• Conservator type transformer protection
• conclusion
INTRODUCTION TO TRANSFORMER
• A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from
one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors.
• Working Principle of A Transformer
• A transformer consists of a primary coil and a secondary coil
wound on a soft iron core.
• When an alternating current flows in the primary coil, a changing
magnetic flux is generated around the primary coil.
• The changing magnetic flux is transferred to the secondary coil
through the iron core.
• The changing magnetic flux is cut by the secondary coil, hence
induces an e.m.f. in the secondary coil.
• The magnitude of the output voltage can be controlled by the ratio of
the number of primary coil and secondary coil.
• A basic transformer is shown below showing its terminals and
primary &secondary circuits.
Types of Transformers
A wide variety of transformer designs are used for different
applications, though they share several common features.
Important common transformer types include:
1. Power transformers
2. Autotransformer
3. Polyphase transformers
4. Instrument transformers
APPLICATIONS
o A major application of transformers is to increase voltage before
transmitting electrical energy over long distances through wires.
o Transformers are also used extensively in electronic products to
step down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage
circuits they contain.
o The transformer also electrically isolates the end user from
contact with the supply voltage.
INTRODUCTION TO RELAYS
• A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the
control of another electrical circuit.
• In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to
open or close one or many sets of contacts.
• It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835.
• Working of a RELAY:
• Apply a voltage to the coil and a magnetic field is generated. This
magnetic field sucks the contacts of the relay in, causing them to
make a connection.
• These contacts can be considered to be a switch. They allow
current to flow between 2 points thereby closing the circuit.
TYPES OF RELAYS
• Some of the common relays which we used in
the book are as follows.
1. Overload protection relay
2. Buchholz relay
3. Over current relay
4. Distance relay
APPLICATIONS
Relays are used to and for:
Control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in
some types of modems or audio amplifiers,
Control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in
the starter solenoid of an automobile etc…
General Electomagnetic Relay
NEED FOR TRANSFORMER
PROTECTION
Transformers are a critical and expensive component of the power
system.
The comprehensive transformer protection provided by multiple
function protective relays is appropriate for critical transformers of all
applications.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION OVER VIEW
The type of protection for the transformers varies depending on the
application and the importance of the transformer.
are protected primarily against faults and Over loads.
The type of protection used should minimize the time of disconnection
and reduce the risk of catastrophic failure to simplify eventual repair.
Short circuit protection
Completed connections for percentage
differential relaying
EXTERNAL-FAULT BACK-UP PROTECTION
Back-up relaying for transformer Back-up relaying with two sources.
Connected to one source.
Over Current and Earth Fault Protection
Scheme
du/dt protection
Distribution transformer protected with spark gap
Frame Leakage Protection
OVER FLUX PROTECTION
• Transformer over fluxing can be a result of • Over voltage
• Low system frequency
WINDING HOT-SPOT TEMPERATURE PROTECTION
• Protection based on winding hot-spot temperature can potentially
prevent short circuits and catastrophic transformer failure.
• The ambient temperature, transformer loading, and transformer
design determine the winding temperature.
Protection of IN-PHASE type transformers
Grounding bank protection
Conservator-Type Transformer protection using
BUCHHOLZ relay
CONCLUSION
Transformer is used to increase voltage before transmitting electrical
energy over long distances through wires in order to minimize the
line losses.
Transformer being the core equipment in transmission and
distribution system and the cost of the equipment is huge it is to be
well protected.
The type of protection for the transformers varies depending on the
application and the importance of the transformer.
So transformers are protected primarily against faults and Over
loads.
More over the protection of transformer is essential so as to maintain
the continuity of power supply.
Queries?????????????
Thank
You
