Relations and Functions

1
Review
 A relation between two variables x and y
is a set of ordered pairs
 An ordered pair consist of a x and y-
coordinate
 A relation may be viewed as ordered pairs,
mapping design, table, equation, or written in
sentences
 x-values are inputs, domain, independent
variable
 y-values are outputs, range, dependent
variable

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 Example 1

{(0, 5), (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1), (5, 0)}

•What is the domain?

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
What is the range?
{-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0}
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Example 2

Input 4 –5 0 9 –1

Output –2 7

•What is the domain?

{4, -5, 0, 9, -1}
•What is the range?
{-2, 7}
4
 Is a relation a function?

What is a function?
According to the textbook, “a
function is…a relation in which
every input is paired with
exactly one output”

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 Is a relation a function?
•Focus on the x-coordinates, when given a relation

If the set of ordered pairs have different x-coordinates,

it IS A function

If the set of ordered pairs have same x-coordinates,

it is NOT a function

•Y-coordinates have no bearing in determining

functions

6
 Example 3
{(0, 5), (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1), (5, 0)}

•Is this a function?

•Hint: Look only at the x-coordinates

YES

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 Example 4
{(–1, 7), (1, 0), (2, 3), (0, 8), (0, 5), (–2, 1)}

•Is this a function?

•Hint: Look only at the x-coordinates

NO

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Example 5
Which mapping represents a function?

Choice One Choice Two

3 –1 2 2
1 2 –1 3
0 3 3 –2
0

Choice 1
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Example 6
Which mapping represents a function?

A. B.

B
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 Vertical Line Test
•Vertical Line Test: a relation is a function
if a vertical line drawn through its graph,
passes through only one point.

AKA: “The Pencil Test”

Take a pencil and move it from left to right
(–x to x); if it crosses more than one point,
it is not a function

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Vertical Line Test

Would this
graph be a
function?

YES
12
Vertical Line Test

Would this
graph be a
function?

NO
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Function Notation
f(x) means function of x and is read “f of x.”

f(x) = 2x + 1 is written in function notation.

The notation f(1) means to replace x with 1 resulting in

the function value.

f(1) = 2x + 1
f(1) = 2(1) + 1
f(1) = 3

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Function notation replaces the independent variable, y
with either f(x), g(x), or h(x).

f _____
f(x) is read as “ ____ of _____”
x

Does not mean g _____

g(x) is read as “ ____ of _____”
x
multiplication!

h _____
h(x) is read as “ ____ of _____”
x
 Function Notation
Given f(x) = 2 x2  3 x , the following.

a. f(3) b. 3f(x) c. f(3x)

f(3) = 2x2 – 3x 3f(x) = 3(2x2 – 3x) f(3x) = 2x2 – 3x

f(3) = 2(3)2 – 3(3) 3f(x) = 6x2 – 9x f(3x) = 2(3x)2 – 3(3x)
f(3) = 2(9) - 9 f(3x) = 2(9x2) – 3(3x)
f(3) = 9 f(3x) = 18x2 – 9x

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Function Notation
Given g(x) = x2 – 3, find g(-2) .

g(-2) = x2 – 3
g(-2) = (-2)2 – 3
g(-2) = 1

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Try this…

For the function, h( x)  x 22

, find the range
if the domain is { -3, 0, 4 }.
x2  2
Input Output

 3  2
2
3 = 92 7

0  0
2
2 = 02 2

 4 2 16  2
2
4 = 14

Range: {2, 7, 14}

Sometimes we only want to only evaluate one element of the domain.

For example, if g ( x)  x 2  3x  1 find g ( x ) when x2

“find g ( x ) when x  2 ”, can be written in a shorter form as “ ”.
g (2)
Plug 2
Example : If g ( x)  x  3x  1 find g (2)
2

into the
g ( x)  x 2  3x  1 function
g (2) .  2   3  2   1
2 rule.
g (2)  4  6  1
g (2)  1
g (2)  1
Sometimes we only want to only evaluate one element of the domain.

For example, if g ( x)  x 2  3x  1 find g ( x ) when x2

“find g ( x ) when x  2 ”, can be written in a shorter form as “ ”.
g (2)
Plug 2
Example 2: If g ( x)  x  3x  1 find
2
g (2)
into the
g ( x)  x 2  3x  1 function
g (2) .  2   3  2   1
2 rule.
g (2)  4  6  1
g (2)  1
g (2)  1
Try these… If h( x)  2 x  3x  2
2
find:

A. h (0)
h(0)  2  0   3  0   2
.
2

h(0)  0  0  2
h(0)  2

B. h (2)

h(2)  2  2   3  2   2
.
2

h(2)  2  4  6  2
h(2)  8  6  2
h(2)  0
Function Notation
Given g(x) = x2 – 3, find g(-2) .

g(-2) = x2 – 3
g(-2) = (-2)2 – 3
g(-2) = 1

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Function Notation
Given g(x) = x2 – 3, find g(-2) .

g(-2) = x2 – 3
g(-2) = (-2)2 – 3
g(-2) = 1

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Function Notation
Given g(x) = x2 – 3, find g(-2) .

g(-2) = x2 – 3
g(-2) = (-2)2 – 3
g(-2) = 1

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Evaluate the function over the domain,
x = -1, x = 0, x = 2.
1) f (x)  4x
{4, 0, 8 }
2) g(x)  3x  9
{12,  9,  3 }
3) h(x)  x  1
2

{ 0,  1, 3 }
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