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Example Euler Method

The document provides the differential equation and initial conditions for modeling the cooling of a ball initially at 1200K in air at 300K. It uses Euler's method with a step size of 240 seconds to calculate the temperature of the ball at 480 seconds, obtaining a result of 110.32K. It also provides the exact solution of 647.57K for comparison to the numerical approximation.

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Sehry Syed
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466 views11 pages

Example Euler Method

The document provides the differential equation and initial conditions for modeling the cooling of a ball initially at 1200K in air at 300K. It uses Euler's method with a step size of 240 seconds to calculate the temperature of the ball at 480 seconds, obtaining a result of 110.32K. It also provides the exact solution of 647.57K for comparison to the numerical approximation.

Uploaded by

Sehry Syed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Example

A ball at 1200K is allowed to cool down in air at an ambient temperature


of 300K. Assuming heat is lost only due to radiation, the differential
equation for the temperature of the ball is given by
d
dt
 
 2.2067 10 12  4  81108 ,  0  1200 K

Find the temperature at t  480 seconds using Euler’s method. Assume a step size of
h  240 seconds.

1
Solution
Step 1:
d
dt

 2.2067  10 12  4  81 10 8 

f t ,   2.2067 10 12  4  81108 
 i 1   i  f ti , i h
1   0  f t0 ,  0 h
 1200  f 0,1200240
 
 1200   2.2067 10 12 1200 4  81108 240 
 1200   4.5579240
 106.09 K
1 is the approximate temperature at t  t1  t0  h  0  240  240
 240  1  106.09K
2
Solution Cont
Step 2: For i  1, t1  240, 1  106.09

 2  1  f t1 , 1 h
 106.09  f 240,106.09 240
 
 106.09   2.2067 10 12 106.09 4  81 108 240
 106.09  0.017595240
 110.32 K

 2 is the approximate temperature at t  t2  t1  h  240  240  480


 480  2  110.32K

3
Solution Cont

The exact solution of the ordinary differential equation is given by the


solution of a non-linear equation as
  300
0.92593 ln  1.8519 tan 1 0.00333   0.22067 10 3 t  2.9282
  300

The solution to this nonlinear equation at t=480 seconds is

 (480)  647.57 K

4
Comparison of Exact and
Numerical Solutions
1400

1200
Temperature, θ(K)

1000
Exact Solution
800

600

400
h=240
200

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Time, t(sec)

Figure 3. Comparing exact and Euler’s method

5
Effect of step size
Table 1. Temperature at 480 seconds as a function of step size, h

Step, h (480)
480 −987.81
240 110.32
120 546.77
60 614.97
30 632.77

 (480)  647.57 K (exact)

6
Comparison with exact results
1500

1000 Exact solution


Temperature, θ(K)

500
h=120
h=240
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
-500
Tim e, t (sec) h=480
-1000

-1500

Figure 4. Comparison of Euler’s method with exact solution for different step sizes

7 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu
Effects of step size on Euler’s
Method
800

400
Temperature,θ(K)

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
-400
Step size, h (s)
-800

-1200

Figure 5. Effect of step size in Euler’s method.

8 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu
Errors in Euler’s Method
It can be seen that Euler’s method has large errors. This can be illustrated using
Taylor series.
1 d2y 1 d3y
y i 1  y i 
dy
xi 1  xi   2
 x i 1  x i 2
 3
 x i 1  x i 3
 ...
dx xi , yi 2! dx x , y 3! dx x , y
i i i i

yi 1  yi  f ( xi , yi )xi 1  xi   f ' ( xi , yi )xi 1  xi   f ' ' ( xi , yi ) xi 1  xi   ...


1 2 1 3

2! 3!
As you can see the first two terms of the Taylor series

yi 1  yi  f xi , yi h are the Euler’s method.

The true error in the approximation is given by


f xi , yi  2 f xi , yi  3 Et  h 2
Et  h  h  ...
2! 3!
9 http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu
Additional Resources
For all resources on this topic such as digital audiovisual
lectures, primers, textbook chapters, multiple-choice
tests, worksheets in MATLAB, MATHEMATICA, MathCad
and MAPLE, blogs, related physical problems, please
visit

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu/topics/euler_meth
od.html
THE END

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu

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