1

1
4
Files and Streams

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 2

I can only assume that a “Do Not File” document is filed in a

“Do Not File” file.
— Senator Frank Church
Senate Intelligence Subcommittee Hearing, 1975

Consciousness does not appear to itself chopped up in bits.

A “river” or a “stream” are the metaphors by which it is most
naturally described.
— William James

I read part of it all the way through.

— Samuel Goldwyn

A great memory does not make a philosopher, any more than

a dictionary can be called grammar.
— John Henry, Cardinal Newman

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 3

OBJECTIVES
In this chapter you will learn:
 To create, read, write and update files.
 To use class File to retrieve information about files and
directories.
 The Java input/output stream class hierarchy.
 The differences between text files and binary files.
 Sequential-access and random-access file processing.
 To use classes Scanner and Formatter to process text files.
 To use the FileInputStream and FileOutputStream classes.
 To use a JFileChooser dialog.
 To use the ObjectInputStream and ObjectOutputStream
classes.
 To use class RandomAccessFile.

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14.1 Introduction
14.2 Data Hierarchy
14.3 Files and Streams
14.4 Class File
14.5 Sequential-Access Text Files
14.5.1 Creating a Sequential-Access Text File
14.5.2 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access Text File
14.5.3 Case Study: A Credit-Inquiry Program
14.5.4 Updating Sequential-Access Files

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14.6 Object Serialization

14.6.1 Creating a Sequential-Access File Using Object
Serialization
14.6.2 Reading and Deserializing Data from a Sequential-
Access File
14.7 Random-Access Files
14.7.1 Creating a Random-Access File
14.7.2 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File
14.7.3 Reading Data Sequentially from a Random-Access
File
14.7.4 Case Study: A Transaction-Processing Program
14.8 Additional java.io Classes
14.9 Opening Files with JFileChooser
14.10 Wrap-Up

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14.1 Introduction
• Storage of data in variables and arrays is
temporary
• Files used for long-term retention of large
amounts of data, even after the programs that
created the data terminate
• Persistent data – exists beyond the duration of
program execution
• Files stored on secondary storage devices
• Stream – ordered data that is read from or
written to a file

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14.2 Data Hierarchy

• Computers process all data items as combinations
of zeros and ones
• Bit – smallest data item on a computer, can have
values 0 or 1
• Byte – 8 bits
• Characters – larger data item
– Consists of decimal digits, letters and special symbols
– Character set – set of all characters used to write programs
and represent data items
• Unicode – characters composed of two bytes
• ASCII

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14.2 Data Hierarchy

• Fields – a group of characters or bytes that conveys meaning
• Record – a group of related fields
• File – a group of related records
• Data items processed by computers form a data hierarchy that
becomes larger and more complex from bits to files
• Record key – identifies a record as belonging to a particular person
or entity – used for easy retrieval of specific records
• Sequential file – file in which records are stored in order by the
record-key field
• Database – a group of related files
• Database Management System – a collection of programs designed to
create and manage databases

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 9

Fig. 14.1 | Data hierarchy.

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 10

14.3 Files and Streams

• Java views each files as a sequential stream of
bytes
• Operating system provides mechanism to
determine end of file
– End-of-file marker
– Count of total bytes in file
– Java program processing a stream of bytes receives an
indication from the operating system when program
reaches end of stream

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14.3 Files and Streams

• File streams
– Byte-based streams – stores data in binary format
• Binary files – created from byte-based streams, read by a program that
converts data to human-readable format
– Character-based streams – stores data as a sequence of characters
• Text files – created from character-based streams, can be read by text editors
• Java opens file by creating an object and associating a stream with it
• Standard streams – each stream can be redirected
– System.in – standard input stream object, can be redirected with
method setIn
– System.out – standard output stream object, can be redirected with
method setOut
– System.err – standard error stream object, can be redirected with
method setErr

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14.3 Files and Streams

• java.io classes
– FileInputStream and FileOutputStream – byte-
based I/O
– FileReader and FileWriter – character-based I/O
– ObjectInputStream and ObjectOutputStream –
used for input and output of objects or variables of
primitive data types
– File – useful for obtaining information about files and
directories
• Classes Scanner and Formatter
– Scanner – can be used to easily read data from a file
– Formatter – can be used to easily write data to a file

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 13

Fig. 14.2 | Java’s view of a file of n bytes.

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14.4 Class File

• Class File useful for retrieving information
about files and directories from disk
• Objects of class File do not open files or provide
any file-processing capabilities

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Creating File Objects

• Class File provides four constructors:
1. Takes String specifying name and path (location of file on
disk)
2. Takes two Strings, first specifying path and second
specifying name of file
3. Takes File object specifying path and String specifying
name of file
4. Takes URI object specifying name and location of file
• Different kinds of paths
– Absolute path – contains all directories, starting with the root
directory, that lead to a specific file or directory
– Relative path – normally starts from the directory in which the
application began executing

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 16

Fig. 14.3 | File methods.

(Part 1 of 2)

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Fig.14.3 | File methods.

(Part 2 of 2)

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Error-Prevention Tip 14.1

Use File method isFile to determine whether a File

object represents a file (not a directory) before
attempting to open the file.

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Demonstrating Class File

• Common File methods
– exists – return true if file exists where it is specified
– isFile – returns true if File is a file, not a directory
– isDirectory – returns true if File is a directory
– getPath – return file path as a string
– list – retrieve contents of a directory
• Separator character – used to separate directories and
files in a path
– Windows uses \
– UNIX uses /
– Java process both characters, File.pathSeparator can be
used to obtain the local computer’s proper separator character

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 20
Outline

FileDemonstration

Create new File object; user .java

specifies file name and path
Returns true if file or directory
specified exists
(1 of 2)

RetrieveReturns
name oftrue
file orifdirectory
name is a
Returns true if name is a
file, not a directory
directory, not a file
Returns true if path was
an absolute path
Retrieve time file or directory
wasRetrieve
last modified Retrieve length of file in bytes
(system-
path entered as a string
dependent value)

Retrieve parent directory (path

Retrieve absolute path of file or directory
where File object’s file or
directorycan bePearson
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 21
Outline
Returns true if File is a directory, not a file

FileDemonstration
Retrieve and display
contents of directory
.java

(2 of 2)

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 22
Outline

FileDemonstration

Test.java

(1 of 3)

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 23
Outline

FileDemonstration

Test.java

(2 of 3)

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Outline

FileDemonstration

Test.java

(3 of 3)

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Common Programming Error 14.1

Using \ as a directory separator rather than \\ in a

string literal is a logic error. A single \ indicates that
the \ followed by the next character represents an
escape sequence. Use \\ to insert a \ in a string
literal.

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 26

14.5 Sequential-Access Text Files

• Records are stored in order by record-key field
• Can be created as text files or binary files

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14.5.1 Creating a Sequential-Access Text

File
• Java imposes no structure on a file, records do not exist as
part of the Java language
• Programmer must structure files
• Formatter class can be used to open a text file for
writing
– Pass name of file to constructor
– If file does not exist, will be created
– If file already exists, contents are truncated (discarded)
– Use method format to write formatted text to file
– Use method close to close the Formatter object (if method
not called, OS normally closes file when program exits)

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14.5.1 Creating a Sequential-Access Text

File
• Possible exceptions
– SecurityException – occurs when opening file using
Formatter object, if user does not have permission to
write data to file
– FileNotFoundException – occurs when opening file
using Formatter object, if file cannot be found and new
file cannot be created
– NoSuchElementException – occurs when invalid
input is read in by a Scanner object
– FormatterClosedException – occurs when an
attempt is made to write to a file using an already closed
Formatter object

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 29
Outline

AccountRecord.jav
a

(1 of 3)

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 30
Outline

AccountRecord.jav
a

(2 of 3)

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 31
Outline

AccountRecord.jav
a

(3 of 3)

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 32
Outline

Used for writing data to file

CreateTextFile

.java

Used for retrieving input from user

(1 of 4)

Object used to output data to file

Open file clients.txt for writing

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 33
Outline

CreateTextFile

.java

Create AccountRecord to be
filled with user input
(2 of 4)

Create Scanner to retrieve input

from user

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 34
Outline
Loop while user is entering input

CreateTextFile

.java

Retrieve input,
(3 ofstore
4) data
in AccountRecord

Write AccountRecord information to file

File closed while

trying to write to it

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 35
Outline
Error with input entered by user

CreateTextFile

.java

(4 of 4)

Close file

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Fig.14.8 | End-of-file key combinations for various popular operating systems.

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 37
Outline

CreateTextFileTes
t

.java

(1 of 2)

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 38
Outline

CreateTextFileTes
t

.java

(2 of 2)

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 39

Fig.14.10 | Sample data for the program in Fig. 14.7.

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14.5.2 Reading Data from a Sequential-

Access Text File
• Data is stored in files so that it may be retrieved
for processing when needed
• Scanner object can be used to read data
sequentially from a text file
– Pass File object representing file to be read to Scanner
constructor
– FileNotFoundException occurs if file cannot be
found
– Data read from file using same methods as for keyboard
input – nextInt , nextDouble , next , etc.
– IllegalStateException occurs if attempt is made to
read from closed Scanner object

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 41
Outline

ReadTextFile.java

(1 of 3)

Open file clients.txt for reading

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 42
Outline

ReadTextFile.java
Create AccountRecord to
store input from file

(2 of 3)
While there is data to be read from file

Read data from file, store

in AccountRecord

Display AccountRecord
contents

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 43
Outline

ReadTextFile.java

(3 of 3)

Close file

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 44
Outline

ReadTextFileTest

.java

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14.5.3 Case Study: A Credit-Inquiry

Program
• To retrieve data sequentially from a file,
programs normally start reading from beginning
of the file and read all the data consecutively until
desired information is found
• Class Scanner provides no way to reposition to
beginning of file
• Instead, file is closed and reopened

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 46
Outline

MenuOption.java

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Outline

CreditInquiry.jav
a

(1 of 6)

Scanner used to read data from file

AccountRecord stores record

being read from file

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 48
Outline
Open file clients.txt for reading

While there is data to read from file

CreditInquiry.jav
a

(2 of 6)
Check if record is of requested type
Retrieve input, store data
in AccountRecord

Display record data to screen

Close Scanner

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 49
Outline

CreditInquiry.jav
a

(3 of 6)

Close file

Method determines if record is of

proper type

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 50
Outline

CreditInquiry.jav
a

(4 of 6)

Loop until user enters valid request

Retrieve request entered

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Outline

CreditInquiry.jav
a

(5 of 6)

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 52
Outline

CreditInquiry.jav
a
Read file, display proper records

(6 of 6)

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 53
Outline

CreditInquiryTest

.java

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 54
Outline

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14.5.4 Updating Sequential-Access Files

• Data in many sequential files cannot be modified

without risk of destroying other data in file
• Old data cannot be overwritten if new data is not
same size
• Records in sequential-access files are not usually
updated in place. Instead, entire file is usually
rewritten.

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14.6 Object Serialization

• With text files, data type information lost
• Object serialization – mechanism to read or write an entire
object from a file
• Serialized object – object represented as sequence of bytes,
includes object’s data and type information about object
• Deserialization – recreate object in memory from data in file
• Serialization and deserialization performed with classes
ObjectInputStream and ObjectOutputStream ,
methods readObject and writeObject

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14.6.1 Creating a Sequential-Access File Using Object
Serialization:
Defining the AccountRecordSerializable Class
• Serializable interface – programmers must declare a
class to implement the Serializable interface, or
objects of that class cannot be written to a file
• To open a file for writing objects, create a
FileOutputStream wrapped by an
ObjectOutputStream
– FileOutputStream provides methods for writing
byte-based output to a file
– ObjectOutputStream uses FileOutputStream to
write objects to file
– ObjectOutputStream method writeObject writes
object to output file
– ObjectOutputStream method close closes both
objects

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Outline

AccountRecord
Interface Serializable specifies that
Serializable.java
AccountRecordSerializable
objects can be written to file

(1 of 3)

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 59
Outline

AccountRecord

Serializable.java

(2 of 3)

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 60
Outline

AccountRecord

Serializable.java

(3 of 3)

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 61
Outline
Class used to create byte-based output stream

Class used to create output object data to

byte-based stream CreateSequential

File.java

(1 of 4)

Open file clients.ser for writing

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 62
Outline

CreateSequential

File.java

(2 of 4)

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 63
Outline
Write record object to file
Create AccountRecord based on
CreateSequential
user input
File.java

(3 of 4)

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 64
Outline

CreateSequential

File.java

(4 of 4)

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Outline

CreateSequential

FileTest.java

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 66

Common Programming Error 14.2

It is a logic error to open an existing file for output

when, in fact, the user wishes to preserve the file.

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 67

14.6.2 Reading and Deserializing Data

from a Sequential-Access File
• To open a file for reading objects, create a
FileInputStream wrapped by an
ObjectInputStream
– FileInputStream provides methods for reading byte-
based input from a file
– ObjectInputStream uses FileInputStream to read
objects from file
– ObjectInputStream method readObject reads in
object, which is then downcast to proper type
• EOFException occurs if attempt made to read past end of
file
• ClassNotFoundException occurs if the class for the
object being read cannot be located
– ObjectInputStream method close closes both objects

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 68
Outline

Class used to create byte-based input stream

ReadSequentialFil
Class used to read input object data toe.java
byte-
based stream

(1 of 3)

Open file clients.ser for reading

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 69
Outline

ReadSequentialFil
e.java

Read record from file

(2 of 3)

Output record information to

screen

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Outline

ReadSequentialFil
e.java

(3 of 3)

Close file

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Outline

ReadSequentialFil
eTest.java

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 72

14.7 Random-Access Files

• Sequential-access files inappropriate for instant-access
applications
• Instant-access applications are applications in which
desired information must be located immediately
• Instant access possible with random-access files (also
called direct-access files) and databases
• Data can be inserted in random-access file without
destroying other data
• Different techniques for creating random-access files
– Simplest: Require that all records in file be same fixed length
• Easy to calculate (as a function of record size and record key) exact
location of any record relative to beginning of file

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 73

Fig. 14.22 | Java’s view of a random-access file.

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14.7.1 Creating a Random-Access File

• RandomAccessFile class
– Includes all capabilities of FileInputStream and
FileOutputStream
– Includes capabilities for reading and writing primitive-type values,
byte arrays and strings
– Using RandomAccessFile, program can read or write data
beginning at location specified by file-position pointer
– Manipulates all data as primitive types
– Methods readInt, readDouble, readChar used to read integer,
double and character data from file
– Methods writeInt, writeDouble, writeChars used to write
integer, double and string data to file
– File-open mode – specifies whether file is opened for reading (“r”), or
for both reading and writing (“rw”). File-open mode specified as
second argument to RandomAccessFile constructor

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14.7.1 Creating a Random-Access File

• StringBuffer class – allows us to

dynamically manipulate strings
– String objects are immutable, StringBuffer used so
strings can be changed dynamically
– Can store a number of characters specified by capacity
– If the capacity is exceeded, the capacity is expanded
– Number of characters in StringBuffer set with
method setLength
• Create random access file by writing blank or
empty records to file for amount of records that
will be needed

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 76
Outline

Used to write to and read from random-

access files RandomAccess

AccountRecord.jav
a

(1 of 3)

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 77
Outline
Method reads primitive-type data, stores in
RandomAccessAccountRecord object
RandomAccess

AccountRecord.jav
a

(2 of 3)

Read characters, aggregate into string

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 78
Outline
Method writes primitive-type data based on data
from RandomAccessAccountRecord
object RandomAccess

AccountRecord.jav
a

Writes first and last names to file,

(3 of 3)
make sure each has 15 characters

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 79
Outline

CreateRandomFile

.java

(1 of 2)

Open file for reading and writing

Create a blank record

Output blank record 100 times, for

each possible account

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 80
Outline

CreateRandomFile

.java

(2 of 2)

Close file

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 81
Outline

CreateRandomFile

Test.java

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 82

14.7.2 Writing Data Randomly to a

Random-Access File
• RandomAccessFile method seek positions
file-position pointer to a specific location in a file
relative to beginning of file
• Size of each record is known, so location in file of
a specific record can be found by multiplying size
of record with number of record
• Once location known, new record data can be
written without worrying about rest of file, as
each record is always same size

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 83
Outline

WriteRandomFile

.java

(1 of 4)

Open file for reading and writing

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 84
Outline

WriteRandomFile

.java

(2 of 4)

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Outline

WriteRandomFile

.java

(3 of 4)

Store input data in

RandomAccessAccountRecord

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 86
Outline
Calculate location of new record
Output new record to file
WriteRandomFile

.java

(4 of 4)

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 87
Outline

WriteRandomFile

Test.java

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 88

14.7.3 Reading Data Sequentially from a

Random-Access File
• Open file with “r” file-open mode for reading
• Ignore empty records (usually those with account number
of zero) when reading from file
• Records stored by account number in random-access files
have added bonus of being sorted, as each record’s data
can only be placed in specific portion of file
• Sorting with direct-access techniques is blazingly fast—
speed achieved by making file large enough to hold every
possible record
– Space/time trade-off

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 89

Good Programming Practice 14.1

Open a file with the “r” file-open mode for input if

the contents should not be modified. This practice
prevents unintentional modification of the file’s
contents. This is another example of the principle of
least privilege.

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 90
Outline

ReadRandomFile

.java

(1 of 3)

Open file for reading

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 91
Outline

ReadRandomFile

.java

(2 of 3)
Read until non-blank record found

Exception occurs when end of file reached

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 92
Outline

ReadRandomFile

.java

(3 of 3)

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 93
Outline

ReadRandomFileTes
t

.java

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 94

14.7.4 Case Study: A Transaction-

Processing Program
• Example of instant-access processing
• User can:
– Display records – read from beginning to end, ignore
empty records
– Update records – ask for account number, only allow user
to update if record is not empty
– Add new records – ask for account number, only allow user
to add account if record is empty
– Delete records – ask for account number, only delete
existing records (i.e., replace record with an empty record)

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 95
Outline

Transaction Processor: Display accounts

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 96
Outline

Transaction Processor: Update accounts

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 97
Outline
Transaction Processor: Inserting account

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 98
Outline

MenuOption.java

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 99
Outline

FileEditor.java

(1 of 5)

Open file for reading and writing

Close file

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 100
Outline
Retrieve record based on account number

FileEditor.java

(2 of 5)

Position file-position pointer to record

Read record from file

Retrieve record based on account number

Position file-position pointer to record

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 Modify record based on input 101
Outline
Write new record to file

FileEditor.java

(3 of 5)
Retrieve record based on account number

Position file-position pointer to record

Create new record based on input

Write new record to file

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 102
Outline
Retrieve record based on account number

FileEditor.java

(4 of 5)

Position file-position pointer to record

Write blank record to file

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 103
Outline
Return to beginning of file, to read all records

FileEditor.java

Read until non-blank record is found

(5 of 5)

Display record

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 104
Outline

Transaction

Processor.java

(1 of 7)

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 105
Outline

Transaction

Processor.java

(2 of 7)

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 106
Outline

Transaction

Processor.java

(3 of 7)

Read and display all records

Prompt user for new record data

Retrieve new record data

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 107
Outline
Write new record to file

Transaction

Processor.java

(4 of 7)

Retrieve transaction amount

Update record in file

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 108
Outline

Transaction

Retrieve account numberProcessor.java

of record
to be deleted

(5 of 7)
Delete record

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 109
Outline

Transaction

Processor.java

(6 of 7)

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 110
Outline

Transaction

Processor.java

(7 of 7)

Edit file based on menu option

selected by user

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 111
Outline

Transaction

ProcessorTest.jav
a

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 112

14.8 Additional java.io Classes: Interfaces

and Classes for Byte-Based Input and Output
• InputStream and OutputStream classes
– abstract classes that declare methods for performing byte-based input and output
• PipedInputStream and PipedOutputStream classes
– Establish pipes between two threads in a program
– Pipes are synchronized communication channels between threads
• FilterInputStream and FilterOutputStream classes
– Provides additional functionality to stream, such as aggregating data byte into
meaningful primitive-type units
• PrintStream class
– Performs text output to a specified stream
• DataInput and DataOutput interfaces
– For reading and writing primitive types to a file
– DataInput implemented by classes RandomAccessFile and
DataInputStream, DataOutput implemented by RandomAccessFile and
DataOuputStream
• SequenceInputStream class enables concatenation of several
InputStreams – program sees group as one continuous InputStream

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 113

Interfaces and Classes for Byte-Based Input

and Output
• Buffering is an I/O-performance-enhancement technique
– Greatly increases efficiency of an application
– Output (uses BufferedOutputStream class)
• Each output statement does not necessarily result in an actual physical
transfer of data to the output device – data is directed to a region of memory
called a buffer (faster than writing to file)
• When buffer is full, actual transfer to output device is performed in one large
physical output operation (also called logical output operations)
• Partially filled buffer can be forced out with method flush
– Input (uses BufferedInputStream class)
• Many logical chunks of data from a file are read as one physical input
operation (also called logical input operation)
• When buffer is empty, next physical input operation is performed
• ByteArrayInputStream and ByteArrayOutputStream
classes used for inputting from byte arrays in memory and
outputting to byte arrays in memory

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 114

Performance Tip 14.1

Buffered I/O can yield significant performance

improvements over unbuffered I/O.

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 115

Interfaces and Classes for Character-

Based Input and Output
• Reader and Writer abstract classes
– Unicode two-byte, character-based streams
• BufferedReader and BufferedWriter classes
– Enable buffering for character-based streams
• CharArrayReader and CharArrayWriter classes
– Read and write streams of characters to character arrays
• LineNumberReader class
– Buffered character stream that keeps track of number of lines read
• PipedReader and PipedWriter classes
– Implement piped-character streams that can be used to transfer
information between threads
• StringReader and StringWriter classes
– Read characters from and write characters to Strings

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 116

14.9 Opening Files with JFileChooser

• JFileChooser – class used to display a dialog that

enables users to easily select files
– Method setFileSelectionMode specifies what user can
select from JFileChooser
• FILES_AND_DIRECTORIES constant indicates files and
directories
• FILES_ONLY constant indicates files only
• DIRECTORIES_ONLY constant indicates directories only
– Method showOpenDialog displays JFileChooser dialog
titled Open, with Open and Cancel buttons (to open a
file/directory or dismiss the dialog, respectively)
• CANCEL_OPTION constant specifies that user click Cancel button
– Method getSelectedFile retrieves file or directory user
selected

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 117
Outline

FileDemonstration

Class for display JFileChooser .java

dialog

(1 of 4)

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 118
Outline

FileDemonstration

.java
Create JFileChooser
Allow user to select both files and
directories (2 of 4)
Display dialog

User clicked Cancel

Retrieve file or directory selected
by user

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 119
Outline

FileDemonstration

.java
Display information about file

(3 of 4)

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 120
Outline

FileDemonstration

.java

(4 of 4)

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 121
Outline

FileDemonstration

Test.java

(1 of 2)

Select
location
for file
Click Open
here
to submit
new file
name to
program

Files and
directories
are
displayed
here

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 122
Outline

FileDemonstration

Test.java

(2 of 2)

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Inc. All rights reserved.