ICT1101
Program Logic Formulation
Topic 1 : Introduction to Programming
Concepts
Vimala.doraisamy@s.newinti.edu.my
2020
Learning Outcomes 2
Define the term computer program & programming language.
Identify and explain the categories of programming languages used to write
computer programs.
Difference between interpreter and compiler
Implement good programming practices in coding and programs maintenance.
How do computers think? 3
Nature of a Computer Program 4
Characteristics of computers:
Assist human tasks
????
High speed
Large storage
Precise and accurate
Computers are sophisticated devices that cannot
think on its own (for now).
Algorithms are being developed for machine learning
and artificial intelligence.
These algorithms also need to be designed by humans.
Nature of a Computer Program 5
Computers need computer programs to tell them what to do.
A computer program is a list of instructions, that when executed, causes the
computer to behave in a predetermined manner.
Computer programs are written using programming languages.
Do my homework. ???
Categories of Programming Languages 6
Programming Language
A set of instructions consisting of rules, syntax, numerical and logical operators and
utility functions.
3 major groups of programming languages
Machine language
Assembly language
High level language #include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << “Hello World!” << endl;
}
What is machine language? 7
Machine language is the native tongue of computers.
Data and operations are represented in binary (strings of 0s and 1s).
Example:
x=x+1
Difficult to be understood by humans.
This is the only language understood by computers.
What is assembly language? 8
Assembly language is the oldest non-machine language.
Uses English-like abbreviations to represent operations performed on data.
Example:
An assembly language must be translated into machine language in order for the
computer to understand it.
A special program called an assembler is used for translation.
What is high-level language? 9
Consists of instructions that resemble everyday language.
Uses English-like statements and common mathematical notation:
Example:
High-level language must be translated into machine language before execution.
Question 10
Give me a few examples of high-level languages.
**YOU MAY SHOUT YOUR ANSWER
11
12
What is high-level language? 13
High-level language must be translated into machine language before execution.
Types of translator programs:
Interpreter
High-level languages that use interpreters for translation are known as interpreted
languages.
E.g. VBScript, Javascript
Compiler
High-level languages that use compilers for
translation are known as compiled languages.
E.g. Visual Basic, C, C++
Interpreter 14
Translates each statement into machine language and executes it immediately
before the next statement is examined.
An interpreted program must be translated each time it is run.
Compiler 15
Translates all statements before a program can be executed.
A compiled program is only translated once.
Can be executed repeatedly without any translations.
Questions
Which one do you think will run quicker, an interpreted or compiled program ?
Which type of programming language is the following code written
(a) grossPay = hours * rate;
System.out.println (“Gross Pay = “ + grossPay);
(b) 0010 0000 1010 0011
0011 1111 0000 1111
(c) MOV BX, [041F]
ADD BX, 0100
**YOU MAY SHOUT YOUR ANSWER
OR FRANTICALLY WAVE YOUR HANDS
SO I CAN CALL YOU OUT TO ANSWER
Good Programming Practices 17
Importance:
Maintain understandable and readable computer code
Describe and reveal the logical structure of instructions
Formatting guide:
Indentations
Include comments
Standardized naming conventions
Indentations 18
Add indentations to your code to make it easy to read.
Rule of thumb: Indent after each opening curly bracket “{“
#include <iostream>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
using namespace std;
int main()
int main()
{
{
cout << “Hello World!” << endl;
cout << “Hello World!” << endl;
cout << “This is a simple C++ program.” <<
cout << “This is a simple C++ program.” << endl;
endl;
int y;
int y;
for (int x=0; x<10; x++)
for (int x=0; x<10; x++)
{
{
y+=x;
y+=x;
if (y>5)
if (y>5)
{
{
cout << y << “ is larger than 5” << endl;
cout << y << “ is larger than 5” << endl;
}
}
}
}
}
}
Comments 19
Add comments to indicate what the code does.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
//Print out a welcome message.
cout << “Hello World!” << endl;
cout << “This is a simple C++ program.” << endl;
int y;
//Perform simple calculations on x and y
for (int x=0; x<10; x++)
{
y+=x;
if (y>5)
{
cout << y << “ is larger than 5” << endl;
}
}
}
Naming Conventions 20
Ensure that variable names are easy to read and easy to distinguish.
#include <iostream> #include <iostream>
using namespace std; using namespace std;
int main() int main()
{ {
int numberofstudents; int numberOfStudents;
float studentmarks; float student_marks;
int numberofsubjects; int NumberOfSubjects;
} }
Review Learning Outcomes 21
Define the term computer program & programming language.
Identify and explain the categories of programming languages used to write
computer programs.
Difference between interpreter and compiler
Implement good programming practices in coding and programs maintenance.
Questions? 22
End of Topic 1 23
