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Router Fundamentals

The document discusses router fundamentals including router components like CPU, memory, interfaces and ports. It describes tools and techniques for basic router configuration including establishing CLI sessions, moving between user and privileged modes, and using commands. The document also covers router startup process and configuration modes.

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100% found this document useful (4 votes)
3K views22 pages

Router Fundamentals

The document discusses router fundamentals including router components like CPU, memory, interfaces and ports. It describes tools and techniques for basic router configuration including establishing CLI sessions, moving between user and privileged modes, and using commands. The document also covers router startup process and configuration modes.

Uploaded by

api-3825972
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Router Fundamentals

Introduction
 Cisco Router
 CPU and memory management
 LAN interface
 WAN interface

 Tools and techniques for basic router configuration


 Describe the purpose and basic operation of the IOS
 Identify various IOS features
 Identify the methods to establish a command-line interface (CLI)
session with the router
 Move between the user command executive (EXEC) and privileged
EXEC modes
 Establish a HyperTerminal session on a router
 Log into a router
 Use the help feature in the command line interface
Routers
 Router is a dedicated computer system
 have both LAN and WAN interfaces.
 to segment or interconnect LANs.
 Routers are the backbone devices of large intranets and of
the Internet.
 Operate at Layer 3 of the OSI model, making decisions
based on network addresses.
 Two main functions of routers are selection of best path and
switching of packets to the proper interface.
 Routers accomplish this by building routing tables and
exchanging information with other routers
CPU and RAM
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 CPU executes instructions in the operating system
 OS specially written for router
 Among these functions are system initialization, routing functions,
and network interface control.
 1st generation of Cisco Router use Motorola 68020 CPU
 High-end routers may have multiple CPUs.
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Cisco router use static RAM for performance
 RAM is used for
 routing table information
 fast switching cache
 running configuration
 packet queues.
 The contents of RAM are lost when power is removed
Flash Memory
 Flash memory is used for storage of a full Cisco IOS
software image.
 Some early version of IOS has a size of 16Mbytes
 normally acquires the default IOS from flash memory. Flash is
programmable
 Allows updating of IOS software without replacing the ROM chip
 These images can be upgraded by loading a new image into flash.
 Retained on power down
 Multiple versions of IOS can be stored
 Flash is relatively slow
 In most routers an executable copy of the IOS is transferred to RAM
during the boot process.
 similar to boot from Hard disk
 In other routers the IOS may be run directly from flash.
NVRAM and ROM
 Nonvolatile random-access memory
(NVRAM)
 Small size. Stores backup/startup
configuration files
 Content is not lost when router is
powered down or restarted
 ROM
 Contains small house-keeping programs
 POST (Power On Self Test) are hardware
diagnostics during router bootup and
loading the Cisco IOS software from flash
to RAM
 bootstrap program (loads the Cisco IOS)
 ROMs are not erasable. They can only
be upgraded by replacing the ROM chips
in the sockets.
Ports / Interfaces
 The three basic types of
connections on a router are
 LAN interfaces
 WAN interfaces
 Management ports.
 The LAN and WAN connections
provide network connections
through which frame packets are
passed.
 The management ports provides
a text-based connection for the
configuration and troubleshooting
of the router
LAN and WAN interface of Routers
 Routers can be used to segment or interconnect
LANs.
 Two main functions of routers
 areselection of best path and switching of packets to the
proper interface.
 Routers accomplish this by building routing tables and
exchanging information with other routers.
 Routers are the backbone devices of large intranets
and of the Internet.
 Router operates at Layer 3 of the OSI model,
making decisions based on network addresses.
 Routers have both LAN and WAN interfaces.
 Located on motherboard or on a separate module
 Connections through which packets enter and exit
Management Port Connections
 The common management interfaces two ports
 console (CON) port
 auxiliary (AUX) port.
 These are EIA-232 asynchronous serial ports.
 The computer must run a terminal emulation program to provide a text-
based session with the router. Through this session the network
administrator can manage the device.
 The console port is recommended for this initial configuration.
 The CON port is preferred over the AUX port for troubleshooting. This is
because it displays router startup, debugging, and error messages by
default.
 The console port can be used for disaster and password recovery
procedures.
 Once the initial configuration is entered through the CON or AUX port,
the router can be connected to the network for troubleshooting or
monitoring
Console Port
 All Cisco routers include a 232 asynchronous serial
console port (RJ-45).
 Cables and adapters are needed to connect a
console terminal to the console port.
 To connect a PC running terminal emulation
software to the console port, use the RJ-45 to RJ-
45 rollover cable with the female RJ-45 to DB-9
adapter
Connecting LAN Interfaces
 In most LAN environments, the router is connected
to the LAN using an Ethernet or Fast Ethernet
interface.
 The router is a host that communicates with the
LAN via a hub or a switch. A straight-through cable
is used to make this connection.
 In some cases the Ethernet connection of the
router is connected directly to the computer or to
another router. For this type of connection, a
crossover cable is required.
 The correct interface must be used. If the wrong
interface is connected, damage can result to the
router or other networking devices.
Cisco Internetwork Operating SystemTM
(IOS)
 Like a computer, the router can not operate with out
an operating system. Cisco calls there the IOS. Its
functions are:
 Basic routing and switching functions
 Reliable and secure access to networked resources
 Network scalability
 When a Cisco router powers up, it performs a
power-up self test.
 During this self test, the router executes diagnostics from
ROM on all hardware modules
 These diagnostics verify the basic operation of the CPU,
memory, and network interface ports. After verifying the
hardware functions, the router proceeds with software
initialization.
Router Start up steps
 Checks hardware - POST
 Loads bootstrap
 A bootstrap is a simple set of instructions that tests hardware and initializes the
IOS for operation.
 Loads operating system
 The location is disclosed in the boot field of the configuration register.
 When it is loaded and operational, the operating system locates the hardware
and software components and lists the results on the console terminal.
 Loads configuration file
 The configuration file saved in NVRAM is loaded into main memory and
executed one line at a time.
 Start routing processes, supply addresses for interfaces
 Set up mode
 Should use setup to bring up a minimal configuration
Router Start up steps (2)
Establish a HyperTerminal session
 All Cisco routers include a 232 asynchronous
serial console port (RJ-45).
 Cables and adapters are needed to connect
a console terminal to the console port.
 A console terminal is an ASCII terminal or
PC running terminal emulation software such
as HyperTerminal.
 To connect a PC running terminal emulation
software to the console port, use the RJ-45
to RJ-45 rollover cable with the female RJ-45
to DB-9 adapter
Command line interface
 The two basic modes : User and Privileged
modes.
 User mode
 Limited mode used for checking the routers
status, looking at routing tables
 You cannot configure the router
 Once you’ve typed the password to enter user
mode, you will see the > prompt. The word
“Router” will be the name of the router.
Command line interface (2)
 Privileged mode
 Does everything User mode does
 Full power to configure the router
 In user mode, you enter the command “enable”
and then the privileged password
Switch between user & privilege mode
 To return to the user EXEC mode
from the privileged EXEC mode, the
disable command or exit may be
entered.
 To return to the privileged EXEC
mode from the global configuration
mode, type exit or Ctrl-Z.
 Ctrl-Z may also be used to return
directly to the privileged EXEC mode
from any sub-mode of global
configuration.
– router#disable
router>exit
Global Configuration mode
 ROUTER#CONFIGURE TERMINAL
 ROUTER(CONFIG)#
 The global configuration mode can only be
accessed from the privileged EXEC mode. The
following are specific modes that can also be
accessed from the global configuration mode:
 Set the Hostname
 Set enable password
 Set enable secret password
 Set console and virtual terminal passwords
 Set routed and routing protocols
 Configure interfaces with IP addresses, subnet mask
Show command
 show version
 show IOS software image, version,indicates configuration register
settings, bootstrap ROM version, Router up time, last restart
method,system image file and location, and router platform
 show startup-config
 displays the backup configuration file
 show running-config
 displays the active configuration file
 show flash
 shows information about the Flash memory device
 show interfaces
 displays statistics for all interfaces configured on the router
 show protocols
 shows the status of all configured Layer 3 protocols
Getting Help on a Command
 To get a list of commands
available in either user
mode or privileged mode,
enter a ? at the prompt.
 Router> ?
 Router# ?
 The ? can be used with a
partial command to learn
all the available
commands that match
what you entered.
Summary
 Router
 LANinterfaces: Ethernet, fast-ethernet, token-ring
 WAN interfaces: serial
 Management console: aux, console

 Functions of Routers
 Path determination and switch packet to the designated
interface
 Cisco Routers
 IOS
 User (EXEC) mode, Privileged (Enable) mode
 Basic house keeping command: erase, reload, show

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