CHAPTER :- 1

Introduction to Internet
and Intranet
Presented by:-
Amrit Sapkota(05)
Asmit Oli(43)
Nischal Maharjan(20)
Sakshyam Aryal(29)
 Internet
• The internet is a global network of
computer systems that are linked together.
• It is the worldwide collection of millions of
computers and networks.
• The internet is made up of many different
networks, including private networks, public
networks, and government networks.
• These networks are connected together using a
variety of technologies, including fiber optic
cables, satellites, and wireless connections.
 Application of internet
• Communication: The internet is the most popular way for
people to communicate with each other.
• Research: People can use the internet to research any
topic imaginable.
• Education: The internet is a valuable tool for education.
Students can use the internet to learn new things, take
online courses, and connect with other students from
around the world.
• E-Commerce: The internet has revolutionized the way we
shop. People can now buy and sell products and services
online from anywhere in the world.
• Entertainment: The internet is a great source of
entertainment. People can watch videos, listen to music,
play games, and read books online.
 History of Internet
• Started in 1 9 6 9 a s a U.S. Department of
De f en s e project called A d v a n c e d R e s e a r c h
P r o j e c t s A g e n c y N e t w o r k ( A R PA N E T )
• The internet began to be used by the general public in
the 1980s.
• Evolved into National Science
Foundation Network (NSFNET) in 1 9 8 7
• Later, named as Internet.
• The World Wide Web (WWW) was invented in
1989 and made the internet much more user-
friendly.
 Intranet
• A private network that uses internet protocols
and technologies, but is confined to a specific
organization or institution in order to transmit
information within the organization.
• Private and internal Web limits viewing
access to authorized users within the
organization.
• Often used to share information and
resources among employees.
• It can be used to improve communication
and collaboration.
 Intranet
• Improved information access to
authorized user.
• Improved delivery and accuracy of
information.
• Global reach allowing
employees access from
anywhere.
• Cross-platform integration.
• Positive return on investment.
 Application of Intranet
• Employee communication: Intranets can be used to
keep employees informed about company news and
events.
• File sharing: Intranets can be used to share files and
documents among employees.
• Collaboration: Intranets can be used to improve
collaboration among employees.
• Project management: Intranets can be used to manage
projects and track progress.
• Training: Intranets can be used to provide training to
employees.
 Types of Internet
Connections
• Dial-up: Slow and unreliable, but still available in some areas
• DSL: Faster and more reliable than dial-up, but requires a
phone line
• Cable: Provides high-speed internet access through cable TV
lines
• Fiber optic: The fastest and most reliable type of internet
connection, but not available in all areas
• Satellite: Provides internet access in remote areas, but can be
slow and expensive
• Wi-Fi: Provides wireless internet access to devices such as
laptops, smartphones, and tablets
 Extranets

• An extranet is a secure network that allows authorized users

from outside an organization to access specific internal
resources.
• Extranets are often used by businesses to collaborate with
partners, suppliers, and customers.
• Extranets can be used for a variety of purposes, such as file
sharing, project management, and customer support.
 Application of Extranet

• Boosting Supply Chain Efficiency :Real-time data

sharing, Automated EDI ( Electronic Data Interchange)
transactions, Enhanced supplier collaboration.
• Transforming Customer Relationships : Self-service
portals, Online communities, Personalized service.
• Revolutionizing Education and Training: Online
training modules, Virtual classrooms and webinars,
Secure access to educational resources.
 IS Ps
• Users are assigned IP addresses
by Internet service providers
(ISPs).
• ISPs obtain allocations of IP
addresses from a local Internet
registry (LIR) or National
Internet Registry (NIR), or from
their appropriate Regional
Internet Registry (RIR).
 IS Ps
• A commercial organization that
provides its subscribers with access
to the Internet.
• It must have Web Site Infrastructure
– Standby Electric Power
– Redundant “Fault-Tolerant” Servers
– Redundant Communications Lines
– One or More Firewalls
 IS Ps
• Procedure for being an ISP
– Contract with a regional network
providing with bandwidth
– Procure a leased communications line to
one of the company’s routers
– Procure hardware and software to
ma n a g e Internet communication
– Set up dial-in lines to connect
users
– Maintain enough manpower to ma n a g e
ISP traffic and deal with users
 IS Ps
How to cho ose?
– Bandwidth Size
• E.g. High-speed T1
and T3 lines
– Connection
Availability and
Performance
• Normal: 5 – 1 0 M B
– Virtual Hosting
– E-mail Aliases
– Stability and
Staying Power
– Local Access
– Customer
Service and
 Internet Domain
• A domain name is an identification
string that defines a realm of
administrative autonomy, authority
or control within the Internet.
• Domain names are formed by the
rules and procedures of the Domain
N ame System (DNS).
• Any name registered in the D N S is
a domain name.
 Domain N a m e
• Domain names are the alias or English
language equivalent of a computer’s IP
addresses
• Domain Name System (DNS) allows the
use of easier to remember domain names
instead of IP addresses to locate
computers on the Internet
• Domain Name Resolvers scattered
across the Internet translate domain
names into IP addresses
 Domain N a m e
• Domain names have two parts:
– First part n a m e s the host computer
– Second part identifies the top level domain
• Top level domains (TLD) – identifies the
type of host
– Generic Top Level Domains
– Country Code Top Level Domains
• Domain names are used in URLs and
e- mail addresses
 How does the Internet
work?
Top Level Domains
• .com – commercial/company site
• .edu/ac - educational/academic
• . g o v – government site
• . o r g – non-profit organization
• .mil – military sites
• .int – international organizations
• .net – network providers
 Domain N a m e
Additional Top Level Domains
• .aero - restricted use by the air
transportation industry
• .biz - general use by businesses
• .coop - restricted use by cooperatives
• .info - general use by both commercial and non-
commercial sites
• .museum - restricted use by m u s e u m s
• .name - general use by individuals
• .pro - restricted use by certified professionals
and professional entities
 Domain N a m e
• Country Code Top Level Doma i ns
• .au – Australia .np – Nepal
• .cn – C hina .s g – S ing a pore
• .fj – Fiji .uk – United Kingdom
• .in – India .us – United States
• .jp – Japan .tw - Taiwan
 Internet Access
• Protocols – standardized rules that define
how computers communicate and
exchange data
• IP address – unique number used to
identify computers on the Internet
• Domain name – structured naming system
to locate computers on the Internet
• URL – uniform naming scheme that
specifies unique addresses of Internet
resources
• Client and server – computing architecture
used by most Internet services
 Internet Access
Internet Protocols
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Protocol) -
for accessing and transmitting World Wide
Web documents
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol Protocol) - for
transferring files from one computer to another
• Gopher Protocol - for accessing documents
via Gopher m enus (no longer widely used)
• Telnet Protocol - allows users to logon to a
remote computer
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) for
sending and managing electronic mails (e-mail)
 Domain N a m e System

Domain
• Identifies the Website IP Address
(host) • Each d o m a i n is
• Comes in m a n y suffixes associated with one or
such as: more I P a d d r e s s e s
.edu • Format: a 32-bit
(educational address written a s 4
institutions) numbers (from 0-255)
.org separated by periods
(organizations;
.mil (military)
non- E x a m p le:
(U.nReLt) (Un entiwf oorrkm R e s o u rce
•Ideprofit)
onrgtiafineiszaptao
i rtnicsu)lar Web pages within a domain
Lo1c.a1t6o0r.1 0 .2 4 0
EExxaammppllee::
 Domain N a m e System
http://www.amazon.com/books/children.html

• "h ttp “
– transfer protocol
• "w w w "
– server name
• “amazon"
– second-level domain name
• “co m "
– top-level domain name
• "b ook s "
– directory name
• “children"
– file name
• "h tm l"
– file type
 Internet Backbone Network
• The Internet backbone m a y be defined by
the principal data routes between large,
strategically interconnected computer
networks and core routers on the Internet.
• These data routes are hosted by commercial,
government, academic and other high-
capacity network centers, the Internet
exchange points and network access
points, that interchange Internet traffic
between the countries, continents and
across the oceans.
 Teleports
• A regional telecommunications
network that provides access to
communications satellites and other
long distance media
• Telecommunication hubs
 Satellite
• THAICOM 7 provides data & media
services for South Asia’s, Southeast
Asia’s, a s well as Australia’s and New
Zealand’s broadcast, entertainment,
and telecoms industries via its
regional beam.
 New Trends: The Web 2.0 and 3.0
Eras
• Web 2.0
– Trend of Web applications that are more
interactive than traditional Web
applications
– Collaboration or e-collaboration
• Blogs
– Short for “Weblog”
– Journal or newsletter that’s updated
frequently and intended for the general
public
• Such a s Blogger.com
– Wikis
• Allows users to add, delete, and sometimes
modify content
• Wikis have caught on at m any companies
• Social Networking Sites
– Facebook , twitter
• R S S Feeds
– “Really simple syndication”
• Podcasting
– Electronic audio file posted on the Web
for users to download to their mobile
devices
THANK YOU