CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING

 COMPUTER NETWORKING REFERS TO CONNECTED COMPUTING DEVICES (SUCH AS LAPTOPS,

DESKTOPS, SERVERS, SMARTPHONES, AND TABLETS) AND AN EVER-EXPANDING ARRAY OF IOT
DEVICES (SUCH AS CAMERAS, DOOR LOCKS, DOORBELLS, REFRIGERATORS, AUDIO/VISUAL
SYSTEMS, THERMOSTATS, AND VARIOUS SENSORS) THAT COMMUNICATE WITH ONE ANOTHER.

 A COMPUTER NETWORK IS A SYSTEM IN WHICH A NUMBER OF INDEPENDENT COMPUTERS ARE

LINKED TOGETHER TO SHARE DATA AND PERIPHERALS, SUCH AS FILES AND PRINTERS.

 WHY WE NEED NETWORKING???

CONT…
For sharing of resources

For sharing of data

For sharing of software’s

What is the disadvantages of computer networking????

 ELEMENTS OF NETWORK
 Being able to reliably communicate to anyone, anywhere, is becoming increasingly important to our personal and
business lives.
 In order to support the immediate delivery of the millions of messages being exchanged between people all over
the world, we rely on a web of interconnected networks.
 These data or information networks vary in size and capabilities, but all networks have four basic elements in
common:

 Rules or agreements to govern how the messages are sent, directed, received and interpreted

 The messages or units of information that travel from one device to another

 A means of interconnecting these devices - a medium that can transport the messages from one device to
another

 Devices on the network that exchange messages with each other

NETWORK ARCHITECTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS
• Networks must support a wide range of applications and services, as well as operate over many
different types of physical infrastructures.
• The term network architecture, in this context, refers to both the technologies that support the
infrastructure and the programmed services and protocols that move the messages across that
infrastructure.
• there are four basic characteristics that the underlying architectures need to address in order to
meet user expectations:
OVERVIEW OF HISTORY OF COMPUTER NETWORKING
• In October 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first unmanned satellite, "Spotnic 1," causing a
"missile gap.“
• To secure America's technological lead, the US founded the Defense Advanced Research
Project Agency (DARPA) in 1958.
• • DAPRA planned a large scalar computer network, ARPANET, to accelerate knowledge
transfer and avoid resource doubling.
• Computer networking has a rich history that dates back to the development of the first
computer network, ARPANET, in 1969
• ARPANET was created by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) under the US
Department of Defense during the Cold War era to ensure communication continuity in case of
nuclear attacks in addition to accelerate knowledge transfer and avoid resource doubling.
CON’T… HISTORY OF COMPUTER NETWO…

• After ARPANET several fundamental networking concepts was developed in different parts of
the world specially in Europe and US America to challenge the development of new
technologies in the side of soviet Union. Such us
• the military network by RANDA Corporation in America,
• the commercial network for the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in England, and
• the scientific network CYCLANDES in France. Are some of the developed networking
companies (concepts) in the history of computer
EVOLUTION OF NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES
• ARPANET: Established in 1969, ARPANET was the ancestor to the modern Internet and laid
the foundation for network communication protocols like TCP/IP
• ARCNET: Introduced in 1986 by Data point Corporation, ARCNET was a local area network
(LAN) protocol that offered connectivity for office automation systems. It was one of the first
networking solutions that did not assume homogeneity among connected devices.
• Token Ring: Token Ring protocols gained popularity in response to Ethernet’s openness in the
1980s. IBM’s Token Ring technology used a ring or star topology to prevent data collisions on
LANs, but it eventually lost ground to Ethernet due to cost-effectiveness.
CON’T…EVOLUTION OF NETWO…

• Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI): FDDI, introduced in the 1990s, utilized optical
fiber for high-speed data transmission within LANs. It offered speeds up to 100 Mbit/s and
covered large distances, but was largely replaced by Ethernet with the advent of Gigabit
Ethernet.

• Ethernet: Developed in 1973 by Bob Metcalfe at Xerox PARC, Ethernet became a widely
adopted networking standard due to its open-source nature and adaptability to various cable
types. It evolved from coaxial cables to twisted pair and fiber optic links, with current speeds
reaching up to 40 Gb/s.
 NETWORK TERMINOLOGY

Servers - computers that provide shared resources for network users

Clients - computers that access shared resources provided by servers

Media - the wires that make the physical connections

Shared data - files provided to clients by servers across the network

Shared peripherals - additional hardware resources provided by servers

TYPES OF NETWORK BASED ON AREA
CONT…
Local-area network (LAN):-

is a collection of connected devices in one physical location, such as a home or an office

A LAN can range from simple (two computers connected by a cable) to complex (hundreds of
connected computers).

 is the basic building block of any computer network

Are able to transmit data at around 100Mbps (million bits per second)

A LAN may include both wired and wireless devices.

CONT…
PAN(Personal Area Network)
Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person,
typically within a range of 10 meters.

Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of

personal use is known as Personal Area Network.
Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area network
are the laptop, mobile phones, media player and play stations.
CONT…

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

The term Metropolitan area Network applied to the interconnection of networks in a city into a
single larger network (which may then also offer efficient connection to a wide area network)

is a collection of LANs linked together within a town or city.

CONT…
WAN (Wide Area Network):-

Is a connection of computers and other device on opposite side of the world

 is made up of a number of interconnected LANs

 NETWORK BASED ON CONFIGURATION

• Networks are divided into two broad categories:

Peer-to-peer networks

Server-based networks
• In a peer-to-peer network, there are no dedicated servers. Each computer functions as both a
client and a server, and there is no administrator responsible for the entire network Peer-to-peer
networks are also sometimes called as workgroups.
CONT…
Advantages

Users act as their own administrators and plan their own security

They are cheap and easy to set up and administer for small groups of users

There are 10 users or fewer

Security is not an issue

The organization and the network will experience only limited growth within the
foreseeable future
CONT…
• Disadvantage

Security

Performance

Backup
 SERVER BASED NETWORKS
In Server based networks:- there is a dedicated server to manage or admin other client pc.
A dedicated server:- is one that functions only as a server and is not used as a client or workstation

Advantages

 Data sharing can be centrally administered and controlled. Because these shared resources
are centrally located, they are easier to find and support than resources on individual
computers

A server-based network can support thousands of users.

Nice for security and back up

CONT…
Disadvantage

 Hard for configure

 Not cost effective