Course:

Course:

Object Oriented Programming

3.00 Credit Hours, Spring 2022,
3.00 Credit Hours,
Undergraduate
Undergraduate Program
Program
Instructor: Ms. Wajeha
Instructor: WajehFareed
Slide Credits: Dr. Sabeen
SESSION 1, 2 Javaid
Week 2

© www.uogsialkot.edu.pk
 Structures and Classes
•Classes and structures are closely related.

•A structure is a collection of simple data variables that

are grouped together and named under single entity.

•A class is a group of data variables and functions.

These data variables and functions are called class
members.
• The variables declared within a class declaration
are called class data members.
• The functions declared within a class declaration
are called member functions/methods. These
methods manipulate the data members.
 Class
• A class serves as a plan, or template. It
specifies what data and what functions will be
included in objects of that class.
• Defining the class doesn’t create any objects,
just as the type int doesn’t create any variables.
• A class is thus a description of a number of
similar objects.
• Prince, Sting, and Madonna are members of
the class of rock musicians.
• There is no one person called “rock musician”
but specific people with specific names are
members of this class if they possess certain
characteristics.
 Objects
• Look around right now and you'll find many
examples of real-world objects:
• your laptop, your television set, your
bicycle.
• Real-world objects share two characteristics:
They all have
• State and
• Behavior
• Your bicycle also have state (current gear,
current pedal , current speed) and behavior
(changing gear, changing pedal cadence,
applying brakes).
 Cont…
• For each object that you see, ask yourself two
questions:
• "What possible states can this object be in?"
and
• "What possible behavior can this object
perform?“

• Real-world objects vary in complexity

• You may also notice that some objects, in turn,

will also contain other objects.

• These real-world observations all translate into

the world of object-oriented programming.
 Software Object
• Software objects are conceptually similar
to real-world objects: they too consist of
state and related behavior. An object
stores its state in
• Data members
• and exposes its behavior
through methods
• Methods operate on an object's internal
state and serve as the primary
mechanism for object-to-object
communication.
 Class vs. Objects
• An object has the same relationship to a class as a
variable has to a data type

• An object is said to be an instance of a class

• As you don’t assign values to types rather to

variables
int = 10; //wrong
int y = 10; //right

• Similarly an object of a class has to be created

before it can be assigned any values
rectangle rect1;
rect1.width = 1.5;
 Class vs. Objects
• Class is a blue print of an object, which is non-live entity.

• Object is instance of class, which is a live entity.

• Example:
• Student is a class
• Ahmad is a student hence an object of student
class
• Fruit is a class
• Apple is an object

• A class is not a living entity, it is just a engineering design

that how an object of this class look like.

• Object are living entities

 Problem Statement
Write a program that reads a temperature
(either Fahrenheit or Celsius), and displays that
same temperature in both scales
 Preliminary Analysis
A temperature has two attributes:
• its magnitude (a double), and
• its scale (a character)
 Building a class
Begin by defining variables to store the attributes of
the object being represented i.e. a temperature

double magnitude;
char scale;
 Defining a class
• Similar to a structure

• Instead of struct keyword, class keyword is used

class class_name
{
//class definition
};

class Temperature
{
double magnitude;
char scale;
};

• Like a structure, the body of the class is delimited by braces and

terminated by a semicolon.
• Declaring this class does not allocate memory for a class.
• It just tells the compiler what Temperature is and what are its members.
 Defining an object
• An object of a class is defined as follows

Temperature temp1;

• and object temp1 can be visualized as follows:

temp1 magnitude

scale

• The data members magnitude and scale within

temp1 are uninitialized.
 Information hiding
• Information hiding means that information is
concealed within a class so that is cannot be
accessed mistakenly by functions outside the class.
• The primary mechanism for information hiding is
to put it in a class and make it private.
• Classes have a public section and a private section.
• Private data or functions can only be accessed
from within the class.
• Public data or functions are accessible from
outside the class.
• The default visibility of all the members of a class
is private.
Cont…
 Cont…
• Normally, data in a class is kept private i.e. not accessible
to outside the class. In case, we make the data public, it is
same as structure and can be accessed outside the class.

• Methods are kept public i.e. can be accessed outside the

class. Methods can access and manipulate the private
data members of the class.

class Temperature
{
private:
double magnitude;
char scale;
public:
//public data and functions
};
 Cont…
• What we want to show others will be in Public
section hence it becomes interface of the
class. With the help of public interface, the
objects can be manipulated.

• What we do not want to show will be in

Private section hence it becomes the inside of
the class i.e. implementation

• By hiding implementation details from others,

we separate the interface from
implementation.
Member Functions - Prototype
• Member functions are functions that are included within a
class.

• To display the temperature, we declare a function display()

class Temperature
{
public:
void display();
private:
double magnitude;
char scale;
};

• By declaring the prototype within the class, we tell the

compiler that class Temperature has a function member
named display()
 Member Function - Definition
void Temperature::display()
{
cout << “Magnitude:” <<magnitude ;
cout <<“ ,Scale:” << scale;
}

• Since the function returns nothing, so its return-

type is void
• The full name Temperature::display() tells the
compiler this is a Temperature member function i.e.
• The double colon is called scope resolution
operator i.e. it resolves the scope and tells the
compiler that the function display() belongs to
whom.
 Member Function - Calling
• Operations on a class object are usually
implemented as class member functions.

• A call to a member function:

Object.Function();
temp1.display();
 References
• Robert Lafore, Chapter 6: Objects and
Classes
• C++, How to Program by Deitel and
Deitel