Ge
127
COMMUNICATION
ARTS
Allyson Kenchi Salvo, LPT
instructor
NATURE OF
LANGUAGE
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
What do you
think of when
you hear the
word
‘language’?
NATURE OF LANGUAGE Characteristics of
Language
Language is…
systemati
social cultural dynamic variation
c
a means of always
Arranged in more than
communicatin changing,
a system; Communicat one way of
g values, evolving,
not e with others beliefs and saying the
and
randomly customs same thing
adapting
Read more: https://bilingualkidspot.com/2022/07/27/characteristics-of-language/
NATURE OF LANGUAGE Functions of Language
Functions of Language (Roman Jakobson’s
theory)
Jakobson’s theory of communication includes six functions of
language. If the grammar tells us what the message means, the
functions tell us the purpose of the addresser who is using the
language.
NATURE OF LANGUAGE Functions of
Language
REFERENTIA
L
The use of language to convey facts,
information, or knowledge about the
world.
Ex.
“Our work hours are 9 am – 5 pm.”
“The shoes will be ready next
Tuesday.”
“My brother is 5 years old.”
“The Earth is round.”
NATURE OF LANGUAGE Functions of
Language
EMOTIVE
The expression of emotions, feelings,
and attitudes through language.
Ex.
“I’m so happy for you!”
“My stomach hurts.”
“I’m uncomfortable with this.”
“Miss you.”
NATURE OF LANGUAGE Functions of
Language
CONATIVE
Employing language to influence or
persuade others, often used in
commands and requests.
Ex.
“Can you answer the phone?”
“Close the door!”
“Text me when you get there.”
“Please read the instructions carefully.”
NATURE OF LANGUAGE Functions of
Language
PHATIC
Maintaining social relationships by
using language for small talk and
everyday interactions.
Ex.
“Good morning!” “Uh-huh”
“How are you?” “It’s so hot today.”
“Are you there?” “What’s your
“Goodbye.” major?”
“Have a nice day!”
NATURE OF LANGUAGE Functions of
Language
POETIC
The use of language for artistic and
creative purposes, such as poetry,
storytelling, or wordplay.
Ex.
Stories, novels, essays, poetry
Tongue twisters
Songs, rhymes, quotes, sayings
Commercials, advertisements, popular
speech
NATURE OF LANGUAGE Functions of
Language
METALINGUAL
Using language to discuss or explain
the use of language itself.
Ex.
Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc.
Translating foreign words
Defining words
Clarifying ambiguity
NATURE OF
COMMUNICATION
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
What do you
think of when
you hear the
word
‘communicatio
n’?
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
From the Latin word ‘communicare’ (to
share), communication involves a
speaker imparting ideas, concepts, and
data to a group of listeners.
Monroe et al. (1982) describes it as
the sharing of experiences publicly
for the common good.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Communication
Process
Communication can be seen as a complex
process that features several elements
such as:
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Communication
Process
Communication can be seen as a complex
process that features several elements
such as:
SPEAKER
This is the first element of the
communication process. They
choose their message, craft the
message, and decide how to
deliver it.
In other forms communication,
both participants can alternate as
speakers.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Communication
Process
Communication can be seen as a complex
process that features several elements
such as:
MESSAGE
This is central to the process
because the point of
communicating is say
“something”.
It is sent based on why the
speaker wants to say, what the
speaker wants to say, and how
the speaker wants to say it.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Communication
Process
Communication can be seen as a complex
process that features several elements
such as:
LISTENER
They receive the Message. It is
the Listener who makes sense of
what is said and reacts to it.
Even if the Speaker is great or the
Message is beautiful, if there is no
Listener, then communication
fails.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Communication
Process
Communication can be seen as a complex
process that features several elements
such as:
CHANNELS
These are the means through
which the Message is sent. There
are only five channels—the five
senses.
Messages are received through the
ears, while gestures and
expressions are received by the
eyes.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Communication
Process
Communication can be seen as a complex
process that features several elements
such as:
RESPONSE
This is the only way the Speaker
knows that the message has been
received. It is based on the
interpretation of the Message by
the Listener.
If the Interpretation is positive,
then the Response is positive. If it’s
negative, then the Response is also
negative.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Communication
Process
Communication can be seen as a complex
process that features several elements
such as:
FEEDBACK
It is the result of monitoring by the
Speaker of the Listener’s Response.
The Speaker needs to look out for
the Response to know if the
Message was effectively imparted
or not.
The Feedback helps the Speaker in
continuing with the next Message.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Communication
Process
Communication can be seen as a complex
process that features several elements
such as:
NOISE
It is any barrier to communication. It
can be physical “noise”—actual
noise such as loud sounds.
It can also be physiological “noise”
or when the body becomes a
hindrance to good communication.
It can also be psychological “noise”
when one is thinking deeply or
emotional which discourages
participation.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Communication
Process
Communication can be seen as a complex
process that features several elements
such as:
COMMUNICATIVE
This has SITUATION
two components:
The physical location, which is
usually chosen for the purpose it will
serve (such as choosing a classroom
for a meeting)
The physiological setting, which
depends on the participants (a
classroom is meant for teaching but
may be used for PTA meetings)
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Communication
Models
Models of Communication
Linear models of communication — They only look at one-way
communication. Linear communication models suggest that
communication takes place only in one direction.
Interactive models of communication — They analyze two-way
communication. Feedback within interactive communication models is
not simultaneous, but rather slow and indirect.
Transactional models of communication — They illustrate two-
way communication where the message gets more complex as the
communication event progresses.
Read more: https://pumble.com/learn/communication/communication-
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Communication
Models
Aristotle’s Model of
Communication
This framework emphasizes the importance of understanding the audience
and adapting messages accordingly.
Aristotle's model
emphasizes rhetoric
as the art of
persuasion, focusing
on credibility (ethos),
emotional appeal
(pathos), and logical
reasoning (logos) for
successful
communication.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Communication
Models
Shannon-Weaver Model Of Communication
This model gave us the concept of “noise”. It is often called the Telephone
Model, based on the experience of message interference from the telephone
back in 1940s.
Message sent by the
Speaker may not be
Message received by
the Listener due to
the intervention of
noise or barriers that
hampers
communication.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Communication
Models
Osgood-Schramm Model of
Communication
This model is a circular model of communication, in which messages go in
two directions between encoding and decoding.
There is no
difference between a
sender and a
receiver. Both
parties are equally
encoding and
decoding the
messages.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Communication
Models
Dance’s Helical Model of Communication
This model views communication as a circular process that gets more and
more complex as communication progresses.
In the
communication
process, the
feedback we get
from the other party
involved influences
our next statement
and we become
more knowledgeable
with every new
cycle.
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Communication
Models
9 Principles of Effective Communication (Osborn, 2009)
1. Clarity makes speeches understandable.
2. Concreteness reduces misunderstandings.
3. Courtesy builds goodwill.
4. Correctness—glaring mistakes in grammar obscure meaning.
5. Consideration—messages must be geared towards the audience
6. Creativity means having the ability to craft interesting messages
7. Conciseness—simplicity and directness; avoid lengthy expressions
8. Cultural Sensitivity—emphasis on empowering diverse cultures
9. Captivating—strive to make messages interesting to command attention
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION Communication
Models
Ethical Considerations in Communication
Ethical Communicators:
1. Respect audience
2. Consider the result of communication
3. Value truth
4. Use information correctly
5. Do not falsify information
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
PENNY FOR YOUR
THOUGHTS?
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
ACTIVITY: PENNY FOR YOUR THOUGHTS?
Choose a box and answer the question.
1 2 3 4 5 6
What are some common
barriers to effective
communication in the
hospitality context, and how
can they be overcome?
How does the transactional
model of communication
apply to interactions between
guests and staff in a
hospitality setting?
What are the key elements of
the Shannon-Weaver model of
communication, and how can
they be adapted to the
hospitality industry?
How can understanding the
interactive model of
communication help
hospitality professionals to
create more engaging and
personalized guest
experiences?
How can the principle of
clarity be applied to ensure
effective communication in
diverse cultural contexts?
What are some ethical
considerations in hospitality
communication, and how can
they be addressed?
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
PENNY FOR
YOUR
THOUGHTS?
NATURE OF LANGUAGE
ACTIVITY: PENNY FOR YOUR THOUGHTS?
Choose a number and answer the question.
1 2 3 4 5 6
How does language play a
role in providing information
to guests, such as about
menu items, hotel amenities,
or local attractions?
How can a hotel's staff use
language to express empathy
and understanding when
dealing with guest concerns
or complaints?
How does a hotel's staff use
language to persuade guests
to choose their property over
competitors?
How does a hotel's staff use
language to build rapport and
establish a friendly
atmosphere with guests?
How does a hotel's staff use
language to clarify or explain
terms or concepts to guests?
How can a hotel's staff use
language to create
memorable and enjoyable
experiences for guests?
