Network Protocols

MUSKAN NAVEED (244686)

HAFIZA ANDILA (244677)
ASHNA ZAHEER (244699)
ZAROOB HARRY (244690)
INTERNET PROTOCOLS
• Internet protocols are a set of rules that allow
computers and other devices to communicate over the
Internet. These protocols ensure that data is sent,
received, and understood correctly between different
systems. There are many types of internet protocols,
each serving a specific purpose, such as transferring
files, sending emails, or securing data. Understanding
these protocols is important for making the internet
work efficiently and securely. In this article we will see
different types of internet protocol in detail.
What is Internet Protocol?

As we discuss Internet Protocol (IP) is a set of rules

that allows devices to communicate with each other
over the Internet. It is like the address system used for
sending data. Every device connected to the internet
has a unique IP address that helps data know where to
go and where it is coming from.
What is IP Addressing?

• An IP address represents an Internet Protocol address.

A unique address that identifies the device over the
network. It is almost like a set of rules governing the
structure of data sent over the Internet or through a
local network. An IP address helps the Internet to
distinguish between different routers, computers, and
websites. It serves as a specific machine identifier in a
specific network and helps to improve visual
communication between source and destination.
Working of Internet Protocol

Step by step working of internet protocol:

• Dividing Data into Packets: When you send information over the
internet, IP split it into small parts called packets. Each packet
contains a piece of the data and the address of where it needs to go.

• Addressing: Every device connected to the internet has its own IP

address. This address helps identify where the data is being sent
from and where it should be delivered.

• Routing the Packets: As the packets travel across the internet,

they pass through several devices called routers. These routers help
direct the packets toward the correct destination, like how mail is
sorted at different post offices.
Working of Internet
Protocol(continued)

• Reassemble the Data: Once all the packets arrive at the

destination, they are put back together to recreate the original
message or file.

• Handling Missing Packets: If some packets don’t arrive, the

system can request that they be sent again, making sure the
complete data is received.

• This process helps data move efficiently across the internet, no

matter how far it needs to travel or how many networks it
passes through.
Need for Internet Protocols

• The sender and receiver of data are parts of different networks,

located in different parts of the world having different data transfer
rates. So, we need protocols to manage the flow control of data and
access control of the link being shared in the communication
channel. Suppose there is a sender X who has a data transmission
rate of 10 Mbps. And, there is a receiver Y who has a data receiving
rate of 5Mbps. Since the rate of receiving the data is slow so some
data will be lost during transmission. In order to avoid this, receiver Y
needs to inform sender X about the speed mismatch so that sender X
can adjust its transmission rate. Similarly, the access control decides
the node which will access the link shared in the communication
channel at a particular instant in time. If not the transmitted data will
collide if many computers send data simultaneously through the
same link resulting in the corruption or loss of data.
Types of Internet Protocol
1. TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet
Protocol)

• In TCP/IP, the IP protocol ensures that each computer

that is connected to the Internet is having a specific
serial number called the IP address. TCP specifies how
data is exchanged over the internet and how it should
be broken into IP packets. It also makes sure that the
packets have information about the source of the
message data, the destination of the message data,
the sequence in which the message data should be re-
assembled, and checks if the message has been sent
correctly to the specific destination. The TCP is also
known as a connection-oriented protocol.
1. TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol)
2. SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

• SMTP protocol is important for sending and

distributing outgoing emails. This protocol uses the
header of the mail to get the email id of the receiver
and enters the mail into the queue of outgoing mail.
And as soon as it delivers the mail to the receiving
email id, it removes the email from the outgoing list.
The message or the electronic mail may consider the
text, video, image, etc. It helps in setting up some
communication server rules.
2. SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
3. PPP(Point-to-Point Protocol)

• PPP is a communication protocol that is used to create

a direct connection between two communicating
devices. This protocol defines the rules using which
two devices will authenticate with each other and
exchange information with each other. For example, A
user connects his PC to the server of an Internet
Service Provider and also uses PPP. Similarly, for
connecting two routers for direct communication it
uses PPP.
4. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

• This protocol is used for transferring files from one

system to the other. This works on a
client-server model. When a machine requests for file
transfer from another machine, the FTO sets up a
connection between the two and authenticates each
other using their ID and Password. And, the desired file
transfer takes place between the machines.
4. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
5. SFTP(Secure File Transfer Protocol)

• SFTP which is also known as SSH FTP refers to File

Transfer Protocol (FTP) over Secure Shell (SSH) as it
encrypts both commands and data while in
transmission. SFTP acts as an extension to SSH and
encrypts files and data then sends them over a secure
shell data stream. This protocol is used to remotely
connect to other systems while executing commands
from the command line.
6. HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

• HTTP protocol is used to transfer hypertexts over the

internet and it is defined by the www(world wide web)
for information transfer. This protocol defines how the
information needs to be formatted and transmitted.
And, it also defines the various actions the web
browsers should take in response to the calls made to
access a particular web page. Whenever a user opens
their web browser, the user will indirectly use HTTP as
this is the protocol that is being used to share text,
images, and other multimedia files on the
World Wide Web.
6. HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
7. HTTPS(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure)

• HTTPS is an extension of the Hypertext Transfer

Protocol (HTTP). It is used for secure communication
over a computer network with the SSL/TLS protocol for
encryption and authentication. So, generally, a
website has an HTTP protocol but if the website is
such that it receives some sensitive information such
as credit card details, debit card details, OTP, etc then
it requires an SSL certificate installed to make the
website more secure. So, before entering any sensitive
information on a website, we should check if the link is
HTTPS or not. If it is not HTTPS then it may not be
secure enough to enter sensitive information.
8. TELNET(Terminal Network)

• TELNET is a standard TCP/IP protocol used for virtual

terminal service given by ISO. This enables one local
machine to connect with another. The computer which
is being connected is called a remote computer and
which is connecting is called the local computer.
TELNET operation lets us display anything being
performed on the remote computer in the local
computer. This operates on the client/server principle.
The local computer uses the telnet client program
whereas the remote computer uses the telnet server
program.
9. POP3(Post Office Protocol 3)

• POP3 stands for Post Office Protocol version 3. It has

two Message Access Agents (MAAs) where one is
client MAA (Message Access Agent) and another is
server MAA(Message Access Agent) for accessing the
messages from the mailbox. This protocol helps us to
retrieve and manage emails from the mailbox on the
receiver mail server to the receiver’s computer. This is
implied between the receiver and the receiver mail
server. It can also be called a one-way
client-server protocol. The POP3 works on two ports i.e
port 110 and port 995.
10. IMAP

• IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) is a protocol

used for retrieving emails from a mail server. It allows
users to access and manage their emails on the
server, rather than downloading them to a local
device. This means that the user can access their
emails from multiple devices and the emails will be
synced across all devices. IMAP is more flexible than
POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) as it allows users
to access and organize their emails on the server, and
also allows multiple users to access the same mailbox.
11. IPv4

• The fourth and initially widely used version of the Internet

Protocol is called IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4). It is the
most popular version of the Internet Protocol and is in charge
of distributing data packets throughout the network. Maximum
unique addresses for IPv4 are 4,294,967,296 (232), which are
possible due to the use of 32-bit addresses. The network
address and the host address are the two components of each
address. The host address identifies a particular device within
the network, whereas the network address identifies the
network to which the host belongs. In the "dotted decimal"
notation, which is the standard for IPv4 addresses, each octet
(8 bits) of the address is represented by its decimal value and
separated by a dot (e.g. 192.168.1.1).
12. IPv6

The most recent version of the Internet Protocol, IPv6, was

created to address the IPv4 protocol's drawbacks. A maximum
of 4.3 billion unique addresses are possible with IPv4's 32-bit
addresses. Contrarily, IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, which
enable a significantly greater number of unique addresses.
This is significant because IPv4 addresses were running out
and there are an increasing number of devices that require
internet access. Additionally, IPv6 offers enhanced security
features like integrated authentication and encryption as well
as better support for mobile devices. IPv6 support has spread
among websites and internet service providers, and it is
anticipated to gradually displace IPv4 as the main internet
protocol.
13. ICMP

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is a network protocol that is used to send
error messages and operational information about network conditions. It is an
integral part of the Internet Protocol (IP) suite and is used to help diagnose and
troubleshoot issues with network connectivity. ICMP messages are typically
generated by network devices, such as routers, in response to errors or exceptional
conditions encountered in forwarding a datagram. Some examples of ICMP
messages include:

• Echo Request and Echo Reply (ping)

• Destination Unreachable

• Time Exceeded

• Redirect

• ICMP can also be used by network management tools to test the reachability of a
host and measure the round-trip time for packets to travel from the source to the
destination and back. It should be noted that ICMP is not a secure protocol, it can be
used in some types of network attacks like DDoS amplification.
14. UDP

• UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless, unreliable

transport layer protocol. Unlike TCP, it does not establish a reliable
connection between devices before transmitting data, and it does
not guarantee that data packets will be received in the order they
were sent or that they will be received at all. Instead, UDP simply
sends packets of data to a destination without any error checking
or flow control. UDP is typically used for real-time applications
such as streaming video and audio, online gaming, and
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) where a small amount of lost
data is acceptable and low latency is important. UDP is faster than
TCP because it has less overhead. It doesn't need to establish a
connection, so it can send data packets immediately. It also
doesn't need to wait for confirmation that the data was received
before sending more, so it can transmit data at a higher rate.
15. SSH

• SSH (Secure Shell) is a protocol used for secure remote login

and other secure network services. It provides a secure and
encrypted way to remotely access and manage servers,
network devices, and other computer systems. SSH uses
public-key cryptography to authenticate the user and encrypt
the data being transmitted, making it much more secure than
traditional remote login protocols such as Telnet. SSH also
allows for secure file transfers using the SCP (Secure Copy)
and SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol) protocols. It is widely
used in Unix-based operating systems and is also available for
Windows. It is commonly used by system administrators,
developers, and other technical users to remotely access and
manage servers and other network devices.
16. Gopher

• Gopher is a type of file retrieval protocol that provides

downloadable files with some description for easy
management, retrieving, and searching of files. All the
files are arranged on a remote computer in a stratified
manner. It is an old protocol and it is not much used
nowadays.
Conclusion

• In conclusion, the various types of

Internet Protocols (IP) play a important role in enabling
communication across networks, ensuring to transfer
of data between devices. Protocols such
as IP , TCP, UDP, HTTP, FTP, and SMTP serve
distinct purposes, from routing data packets efficiently
to providing reliable file transfers and web
communication. Each protocol resolved specific
requirement with in internet connectivity,and ensuring
that the data communication must be reliable, secure,
and efficient.
Thank You!