M.E.
S INDIAN SCHOOL, DOHA - QATAR
Notes
Class & Div. : XII( All divisions) Subject : Computer Science
Lesson / Topic: Computer Networks
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NETWORK PROTOCOLS
Refers to SET OF RULES
In Network there are variety of computers connected to each other and share data
in many ways.
For interaction among these, some rules are applied like how and when a device
can send and receive data, how to send the data packet and how to receive etc.
There are many protocols used like:
o TCP/IP
o FTP
o PPP
o HTTP
o SMTP
o POP3
TCP/IP
Stands for Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol
TCP is connection oriented protocol i.e. first the connection between sender and
receiver is established through process called handshake (RTS,CTS, ACK etc.)
TCP divides the large packets to transmit into smaller data packets called
datagrams.
At the receiving end it also reassembles the packet for form original message.
IP (INTERNET PROTOCOL) : responsible for providing address of each computer
and performing routing. Each packet is assigned with destination IP address
FTP
Stands for File Transfer Protocol
It allows transferring of files from one system to another like uploading of file
from local machine to web server using FTP Client like FileZilla etc.
FTP offers these advantages:
o Useful to transfer files from one network to another
o It is an effective way to get geographically dispersed group to co-operate
on a project.
o It is popular way to update web sites.
It is not just name of protocol, but also name of program or command by typing ftp
followed by another site and press enter
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PPP
Stands for Point-to-Point Protocol
Point - to - Point Protocol (PPP) is a communication protocol of the data link
layer that is used to transmit multiprotocol data between two directly connected
(point-to-point) computers.
It is a byte - oriented protocol that is widely used in broadband communications
having heavy loads and high speeds
HTTP
Stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Used to transfer all files and other data(resources) from one computer to
another on the world wide web.
Client(Browser) send request to Web Server using HTTP protocol and Server
respond back to Client using HTTP i.e. Client and server over web
communicate using HTTP protocol.
HTTP is stateless protocol, various technique applied to make HTTP as State
full like Cookies.
See the format of URL:
http://www.google.com
SMTP
Stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SMTP is a set of communication guidelines that allow software to transmit an
electronic mail over the internet is called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
It is a program used for sending messages to other computer users based on e-
mail addresses
Port 25 (non-encrypted, unsecure)
Port 465 (encrypted, secure)
POP3
Stands for Post Office Protocol (Version-3.0)
POP3 is a client/server protocol in which e-mail is received and held for you
by your Internet server.
Periodically, you (or your client e-mail receiver) check your mail-box on the
server and download any mail, probably using POP3.
It also allows to download the received messages on local machine using tool
like Outlook so that user can read them even when they are not connected to the
Internet.
Port 110, default POP3 used for unsecured email communication
Port 995 – the encrypted port used for secured communication using POP3
VOIP
Voice over Internet Protocol
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It is a protocol that enables voice communication over the Internet through the
compression of voice into data packets that can be efficiently transmitted over
data network and then convert back into voice at receiving end.
It is an alternate to traditional telephone network.
REMOTE LOGIN
Remote login is a network application that permits a user sitting at a different
location to work on a specific program.
The user need ID of that computer generated by remote login application.
It is done only when both PC are connected to Internet.
Mainly used by customer support system to do some installation, setting on
client computer.
The main programs are:
o Telnet
o AnyDesk
o Team Viewer
TELNET
Telnet is one of the earliest remote login protocols on the Internet.
Telnet is a user command and an underlying TCP/IP protocol for accessing
remote computers.
Through Telnet, an administrator or another user can access someone else's
computer remotely. On the Web, HTTP and FTP protocols allow you to request
specific files from remote computers, but not to actually be logged on as a user
of that computer.
With Telnet, you log on as a regular user with whatever privileges you may have
been granted to the specific application and data on that computer
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