OSI MODEL
The interaction between layers in the OSI model
2.2
Physical layer
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
2.3
Physical characteristic of interface and media
Representation of bits.
DATA RATE
Synchronization of bits
Line configuration: point to point / multipoint\
PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY: star , bus etc.
Tansmission mode:
1) SIMPLEX MODE: RADIO
2) HALF DUPLEX MODE: WALKI TALKI
3) FULL DUPLEX MODE: TELEPHONY
Data link layer
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.
2.5
Responsible for transmitting frames on reliable link
Functions
• Framing
• Physical addressing
• Flow control
• Error control
• Access control
Network layer
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
2.7
Delivery of packets from source to destination Possibly across
multiple networks(link)
Functions
• Logical addressing
• routing
Transport layer
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.
2.10
Delivery of message from one process to another
Ensure that whole message is in order with error and process contro
Functions
• Port addressing
• Segmentation and reassembly
• Connection control
• Flow control
• Error control
Session layer
The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization.
2.13
Functions
• Dialogue control
• Synchronization
Presentation layer
The presentation layer is responsible for
translation, compression, and encryption.
2.15
Functions/Resposibilities
• Translation
• Encryption
• Compression
Application layer
The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user.
2.17
Functions/Resposibilities
• Network Virtual terminal
• FTAM
• Mail services
• Directory Services
Summary of layers
2.19
TCP/IP MODEL
• The OSI Model we just looked at is just a reference/logical model. It
was designed to describe the functions of the communication
system by dividing the communication procedure into smaller and
simpler components.
• But when we talk about the TCP/IP model, it was designed and
developed by Department of Defense (DoD) in 1960s and is based
on standard protocols.
• It stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
• The TCP/IP model is a concise version of the OSI model.
• It contains four layers, unlike seven layers in the OSI model. The
layers are:
1. Process/Application Layer
2. Host-to-Host/Transport Layer
3. Internet Layer
4. Network Access/Link Layer
Layer comparison Between TCP/IP AND OSI
Functions of TCP/IP layers:
• Network Access Layer
• A network layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP model.
• A network layer is the combination of the Physical layer and Data Link
layer defined in the OSI reference model.
• It defines how the data should be sent physically through the network.
• This layer is mainly responsible for the transmission of the data
between two devices on the same network.
• The functions carried out by this layer are encapsulating the IP
datagram into frames transmitted by the network and mapping of IP
addresses into physical addresses.
• The protocols used by this layer are ethernet, token ring, FDDI, X.25,
frame relay.
• Internet Layer/Network layer
• An internet layer is the second layer of the
TCP/IP model.
• An internet layer is also known as the network
layer.
• The main responsibility of the internet layer is
to send the packets from any network, and
they arrive at the destination irrespective of
the route they take.
Following are the protocols used in this layer are:
• IP Protocol: IP protocol is used in this layer, and it is the most significant part of the entire TCP/IP
suite.
Following are the responsibilities of this protocol:
• IP Addressing: This protocol implements logical host addresses known as IP addresses. The IP
addresses are used by the internet and higher layers to identify the device and to provide
internetwork routing.
• Host-to-host communication: It determines the path through which the data is to be transmitted.
• Data Encapsulation and Formatting: An IP protocol accepts the data from the transport layer
protocol. An IP protocol ensures that the data is sent and received securely, it encapsulates the
data into message known as IP datagram.
• Fragmentation and Reassembly: The limit imposed on the size of the IP datagram by data link layer
protocol is known as Maximum Transmission unit (MTU). If the size of IP datagram is greater than
the MTU unit, then the IP protocol splits the datagram into smaller units so that they can travel
over the local network. Fragmentation can be done by the sender or intermediate router. At the
receiver side, all the fragments are reassembled to form an original message.
• Routing: When IP datagram is sent over the same local network such as LAN, MAN, WAN, it is
known as direct delivery. When source and destination are on the distant network, then the IP
datagram is sent indirectly. This can be accomplished by routing the IP datagram through various
devices such as routers.
• ARP Protocol
• ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol.
• ARP is a network layer protocol which is used to find the
physical address from the IP address.
• The two terms are mainly associated with the ARP Protocol:
– ARP request: When a sender wants to know the physical address of
the device, it broadcasts the ARP request to the network.
– ARP reply: Every device attached to the network will accept the ARP
request and process the request, but only recipient recognize the IP
address and sends back its physical address in the form of ARP reply.
The recipient adds the physical address both to its cache memory
and to the datagram header
• ICMP Protocol
• ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol.
• It is a mechanism used by the hosts or routers to send notifications regarding
datagram problems back to the sender.
• A datagram travels from router-to-router until it reaches its destination. If a router is
unable to route the data because of some unusual conditions such as disabled links,
a device is on fire or network congestion, then the ICMP protocol is used to inform
the sender that the datagram is undeliverable.
• An ICMP protocol mainly uses two terms:
– ICMP Test: ICMP Test is used to test whether the destination is reachable or not.
– ICMP Reply: ICMP Reply is used to check whether the destination device is responding or not.
• The core responsibility of the ICMP protocol is to report the problems, not correct
them. The responsibility of the correction lies with the sender.
• ICMP can send the messages only to the source, but not to the intermediate routers
because the IP datagram carries the addresses of the source and destination but not
of the router that it is passed to.
• 3. Host-to-Host Layer/transport layer –
• This layer is analogous to the transport layer of the OSI model. It is
responsible for end-to-end communication and error-free delivery of
data. It shields the upper-layer applications from the complexities of
data. The two main protocols present in this layer are :
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – It is known to provide reliable
and error-free communication between end systems. It performs
sequencing and segmentation of data. It also has acknowledgment
feature and controls the flow of the data through flow control
mechanism. It is a very effective protocol but has a lot of overhead due
to such features. Increased overhead leads to increased cost.
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – On the other hand does not provide
any such features. It is the go-to protocol if your application does not
require reliable transport as it is very cost-effective. Unlike TCP, which is
connection-oriented protocol, UDP is connectionless.
• 4. Application Layer –
• This layer performs the functions of top three layers of the OSI model: Application,
Presentation and Session Layer. It is responsible for node-to-node communication and
controls user-interface specifications. Some of the protocols present in this layer are: HTTP,
HTTPS, FTP, TFTP, Telnet, SSH, SMTP, SNMP, NTP, DNS, DHCP, NFS, X Window, LPD.
• Few of them:
– HTTP and HTTPS – HTTP stands for Hypertext transfer protocol. It is used by the World Wide Web to
manage communications between web browsers and servers. HTTPS stands for HTTP-Secure. It is a
combination of HTTP with SSL(Secure Socket Layer). It is efficient in cases where the browser need to
fill out forms, sign in, authenticate and carry out bank transactions.
– SSH – SSH stands for Secure Shell. It is a terminal emulations software similar to Telnet. The reason
SSH is more preferred is because of its ability to maintain the encrypted connection. It sets up a
secure session over a TCP/IP connection.
– NTP – NTP stands for Network Time Protocol. It is used to synchronize the clocks on our computer to
one standard time source. It is very useful in situations like bank transactions. Assume the following
situation without the presence of NTP. Suppose you carry out a transaction, where your computer
reads the time at 2:30 PM while the server records it at 2:28 PM. The server can crash very badly if it’s
out of sync.
