Control Statements
Java’s Selection Statements
• If
if (condition) statement1;
else statement2;
• Nested ifs
if(i == 10) {
if(j < 20) a = b;
if(k > 100) c = d; // this if is
else a = c; // associated with this else
}
else a = d; // this else refers to if(i == 10)
The if-else-if Ladder
if(condition)
statement;
else if(condition)
statement;
else if(condition)
statement;
...
else
statement;
switch
• The switch statement is Java’s multiway branch
statement
switch (expression) {
case value1:
// statement sequence
break;
case value2:
// statement sequence
break;
...
case valueN:
// statement sequence
break;
default:
// default statement sequence
• The expression must be of type byte,
short, int, or char;
• each of the values specified in the case
statements must be of a type
compatible with the expression.
• Each case value must be a unique
literal (that is, it must be a constant, not
a variable).
• Duplicate case values are not allowed
• The break statement is used inside the
switch to terminate a statement
sequence
• This has the effect of “jumping out” of
the switch.
class MissingBreak {
public static void main(String args[]) {
for(int i=0; i<12; i++)
switch(i) {
case 0:
case 1:
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
System.out.println("i is less than 5");
break;
case 5:
case 6:
case 7:
case 8:
case 9:
System.out.println("i is less than 10");
break;
default:
System.out.println("i is 10 or more");
}}}
Nested switch Statements
switch(count) {
case 1:
switch(target)
{ // nested switch
case 0:
System.out.println("target is zero");
break;
case 1: // no conflicts with outer switch
System.out.println("target is one");
break;
}
break;
case 2: // ...
In summary, there are three
important features of the switch
statement to note:
• switch can only test for equality,
whereas if can evaluate any type
of Boolean expression.
• No two case constants in the
same switch can have identical
values.
• more efficient than a set of nested
ifs.
Iteration Statements
while
• The while loop is Java’s most
fundamental loop statement. It
repeats a statement or block while
its controlling expression is true.
while(condition) {
// body of loop
}
// The target of a loop can be empty.
class NoBody {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int i, j;
i = 100;
j = 200;
// find midpoint between i and j
while(++i < --j) ; // no body in this loop
System.out.println("Midpoint is " + i);
}
}
• do-while
do {
// body of loop
} while (condition
• for
for(initialization; condition; iteration)
{
// body
}
• Declaring Loop Control Variables Inside
the for Loop
for(int i=2; i <= num/i; i++)
• Using the Comma
for(a=1, b=4; a<b; a++, b--)
If you are familiar with C/C++, then you
know that in those languages the comma
is an operator that can be used in any
valid expression. However, this is not the
case with Java. In Java, the comma is a
separator
• Some for Loop Variations
boolean done = false;
for(int i=1; !done; i++) {
// ...
if(interrupted()) done = true;
}
// Parts of the for loop can be empty.
for( ; !done; )
for( ; ; ) {
// ...
}
The For-Each Version of the for Loop
for(type itr-var : collection) statement-block
int nums[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
int sum = 0;
for(int x: nums) sum += x;
For(int i=0;i<10;i++)
{
Sum+=num[i];
}
// Use break with a for-each style for.
class ForEach2 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int sum = 0;
int nums[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
// use for to display and sum the values
for(int x : nums) {
System.out.println("Value is: " + x);
sum += x;
if(x == 5) break;
}
System.out.println("Summation of first 5 elements:
" + sum);
}}
// The for-each loop is essentially read-only.
class NoChange {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int nums[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };
for(int x : nums) {
System.out.print(x + " ");
x = x * 10;
}
System.out.println();
for(int x : nums)
System.out.print(x + " ");
System.out.println();
}}
Iterating Over Multidimensional
Arrays
// Use for-each style for on a two-dimensional
array.
class ForEach3 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int sum = 0;
int nums[][] = new int[3][5];
// give nums some values
for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
for(int j=0; j < 5; j++)
nums[i][j] = (i+1)*(j+1);
// use for-each for to display and sum the values
for(int x[] : nums) {
for(int y : x) {
System.out.println("Value is: " + y);
sum + = y;
}
}
System.out.println("Summation: " + sum);
}
}
It is a reference to a one-dimensional array of integers.
This is necessary because each iteration of the for
obtains the next array in nums, beginning with the
array specified by nums[0]. The inner for loop then
cycles through each of these arrays, displaying the
values of each element.
Applying the Enhanced for
// Search an array using for-each style for.
class Search {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int nums[] = { 6, 8, 3, 7, 5, 6, 1, 4 };
int val = 5;
boolean found = false;
// use for-each style for to search nums for val
for(int x : nums) {
if(x == val) {
found = true;
break;
}
}
if(found)
System.out.println("Value found!");
} }
• Nested Loops
Jump Statements
• Java supports three jump statements:
• break, continue, and return.
• These statements transfer control to another part of
your program.
• Using break
• In Java, the break statement has three uses.
• it terminates a statement sequence in a switch
statement.
• it can be used to exit a loop.
• it can be used as a “civilized” form of goto.
// Using break as a civilized form of goto.
class Break {
public static void main(String args[]) {
boolean t = true;
first: {
second: {
third: {
System.out.println("Before the break.");
if(t) break second; // break out of second block
System.out.println("This won't execute");
}
System.out.println("This won't execute");
}
System.out.println("This is after second block.");
} }}
// Using break to exit from nested loops
class BreakLoop4 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
outer: for(int i=0; i<3; i++) {
System.out.print("Pass " + i + ": ");
for(int j=0; j<100; j++) {
if(j == 10) break outer;
System.out.print(j + " ");
}
System.out.println("This will not print");
}
System.out.println("Loops complete.");
}
}
Using Continue
// Demonstrate continue.
class Continue {
public static void main(String args[]) {
for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
System.out.print(i + " ");
if (i%2 == 0) continue;
System.out.println("");
}
}
}
// Using continue with a label.
class ContinueLabel {
public static void main(String args[]) {
outer: for (int i=0; i<10; i++) {
for(int j=0; j<10; j++) {
if(j > i) {
System.out.println();
continue outer;
}
System.out.print(" " + (i * j));
}
}
System.out.println();
}
}
0
01
024
0369
0 4 8 12 16
0 5 10 15 20 25
0 6 12 18 24 30 36
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49
0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64
0 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81
return
• The last control statement is return. The
return statement is used to explicitly return
from
• a method. That is, it causes program control to
transfer back to the caller of the method.
• As such, it is categorized as a jump statement.
