4.1 introduction to bioinformatics

4.1 introduction to bioinformatics

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  4.1 INTRODUCTION TOBIOINFORMATICS Dr. Prabhakar R. Pawar Associate Professor in Zoology, Mahatma Phule A. S. C. College, Panvel, Dist. – Raigad, Navi Mumbai – 410 206
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  Definition of Bioinformatics Term Bioinformatics was invented by Paulien Hogeweg & Ben Hesper in 1970  Application of Information technology for management & analysis of biological data is referred to as ‘Bioinformatics.’  Any application of computation to the field of biology for data management, algorithm development & data mining is called as Bioinformatics.  Bioinformatics is “the application of information technology to the field of molecular biology”.  Bioinformatics is an emerging and advance branch of biological science containing biology, mathematics and computer science.  Bioinformatics not only solve the biological problems but also can predicts the new aspects.  Bioinformatics is a marriage between computer science and molecular biology.
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  Bioinformatics is beingused in following fields:  Microbial genome applications  Molecular medicine  Personalized medicine  Preventative medicine  Gene therapy  Drug development  Antibiotic resistance  Evolutionary studies  Waste cleanup  Biotechnology  Climate change Studies  Alternative energy sources  Crop improvement  Forensic analysis  Bio-weapon creation  Insect resistance  Improve nutritional quality  Devp. of Drought resistant varieties  Vetinary Science
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  Bioinformatics Web Resources NCBI – The National Center for Biotechnology Information  PubMed  EMBL - European Molecular Biology Laboratory  OMIM – Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
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  Bioinformatics Web Resources NCBI- National Center for Biotechnology Information  Created in 1988 as a part of the National Library of Medicine at National Institutes of Health (NIH).  Located in Bethesda, Maryland.  Establish public databases.  Research in computational biology.  Develop software tools for sequence analysis.  Disseminate biomedical information.
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  Bioinformatics Web Resources PubMed: PubMed is a free resource developed & maintained by the NCBI.  It is a division of the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), at the National Institutes of Health (NIH).  PubMed comprises over 22 million citations and abstracts for biomedical literature indexed in NLM’s MEDLINE database & from other life science journals and online books.  PubMed citations and abstracts include the fields of biomedicine and health, & cover portions of the life sciences, behavioural sciences, chemical sciences & bioengineering.  PubMed uses NCBI's Entrez search and retrieval system.  PubMed does not include the full text of the journal article.  The abstract display of PubMed citations may provide links to the full text from other sources, such as directly from a publisher’s website or PubMed Central (PMC).
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  Bioinformatics Web Resources EMBL- European Molecular Biology Laboratory  The European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) is a Molecular Biology Research Institution created in 1974.  EMBL is located on the Wellcome Genome Campus in Hinxton near Cambridge.  At EMBL, research is conducted on spectrum of molecular biology.  EMBL perform basic research in molecular biology, molecular medicine & training for scientists, students and visitors.  EMBL aids in development of services, new instruments, methods, methods, and technology.  The European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI) is an International Governmental Organization (IGO).  EMBL focuses on research and services in bioinformatics.
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  Bioinformatics Web Resources OMIM– Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man  OMIM is a continuously updated catalogue of human genes, genetic disorders and traits.  OMIM focuses on the molecular relationship between genetic variation and phenotypic expression.  OMIM is a continuation of Dr. Victor A. McKusick's Mendelian Inheritance in Man, which was published through 12 editions, the last in 1998.  OMIM is based on the peer-reviewed biomedical literature criteria for inclusion of papers continue to evolve.  OMIM includes papers that provide significant insight into the gene-phenotype relationship, expand our understanding of human biology, or contribute to the characterization of a disorder.  Information in each OMIM entry is cited & the full reference is provided.  OMIM is biocurated at the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
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  Applications of Bioinformatics Bioinformaticsjoins mathematics, statistics, computer science & information technology to solve complex biological problems. Applications of Bioinformatics includes:  Sequence Analysis  Prediction of Protein Structure  Genome Annotation  Comparative Genomics  Health and Drug discovery
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  Applications of Bioinformatics– Sequence Analysis  Sequence analysis determines those genes which encode regulatory sequences or peptides by using the information of sequencing.  These computers and tools also see the DNA mutations in an organism and also detect and identify those sequences which are related.  Special software is used to see the overlapping of fragments and their assembly.
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  Applications of Bioinformatics– Prediction of Protein Structure  It is easy to determine the primary structure of proteins in the form of amino acids which are present on the DNA molecule.  But it is difficult to determine the secondary, tertiary or quaternary structures of proteins.  Tools of bioinformatics can be used to determine the complex protein structures.
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  Applications of Bioinformatics– Genome Annotation  In genome annotation, genomes are marked to know the regulatory sequences and protein coding.  It is a very important part of the human genome project as it determines the regulatory sequences.
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  Applications of Bioinformatics– Comparative Genomics  Comparative genomics determines the genomic structure and function relation between different biological species.  For this purpose, inter-genomic maps are constructed which enable the scientists to trace the processes of evolution that occur in genomes of different species.
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  Applications of Bioinformatics– Health and Drug discovery  The tools of bioinformatics are also helpful in drug discovery, diagnosis and disease management.  Complete sequencing of human genes has enabled the scientists to make medicines and drugs which can target more than 500 genes.