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![Academic Measurements
2010–October 2011 [Zhou et al., 2012]
49 families
20–76% detection rate
October 2011 [Vidas et al., 2013]
194 markets facilitate malware
distribution
0–32% detection rate (I don't really buy](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/androidmalware-overviewstatusanddilemmas-140110091141-phpapp02/85/Android-malware-overview-status-and-dilemmas-52-320.jpg)
![LuckyCat (2012) - Used in APT
1st known used in APT.
SMS initiated: "[...] time to renew data plan [...]"
URL with WebKit exploit (this is drive-by!)
Track user GPS, steal data.
Naïvely encrypted C&C communication.
http://www.trendmicro.com/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp_adding-android-and-mac-](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/androidmalware-overviewstatusanddilemmas-140110091141-phpapp02/85/Android-malware-overview-status-and-dilemmas-62-320.jpg)
![Academic Measurements
2010–October 2011 [Zhou et al., 2012]
49 families
20–76% detection rate
October 2011 [Vidas et al., 2013]
194 markets facilitate malware
distribution
0–32% detection rate (I don't really buy](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/androidmalware-overviewstatusanddilemmas-140110091141-phpapp02/75/Android-malware-overview-status-and-dilemmas-52-2048.jpg)
![LuckyCat (2012) - Used in APT
1st known used in APT.
SMS initiated: "[...] time to renew data plan [...]"
URL with WebKit exploit (this is drive-by!)
Track user GPS, steal data.
Naïvely encrypted C&C communication.
http://www.trendmicro.com/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp_adding-android-and-mac-](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/androidmalware-overviewstatusanddilemmas-140110091141-phpapp02/75/Android-malware-overview-status-and-dilemmas-62-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byTech and Law Center
Android malware overview, status and dilemmas
This document summarizes research on malicious Android apps from 2012-2013. Some key points: - Over 1,260 app samples were analyzed in 2012, with many found to steal user information, turn devices into bots, or generate revenue through premium calls/texts. - Early malware like DroidDream, Plankton, and BaseBridge leveraged exploits to gain root access and stealthily update themselves. Later malware got more sophisticated with techniques like anti-analysis tricks. - Malware has been distributed through third-party app stores and underground affiliate programs. Estimates found infection rates between 0.0009-1% of Android devices by 2013. - While most stole data or made money fraud
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Android malware overview, status and dilemmas
- 1. Malicious Android Apps Overview,Status and Dilemmas
- 2. 1,260 Samples Analyzed(2012) Manual analysis of samples by Yajin Zhou & Xuxian Jiang 36.7% leverage root-level exploits 90% turn devices into bots 45.3% dial/text premium numbers in background 51.1% harvest user information Other goods encrypted root-level exploit or obfuscated C&C address
- 3. Attackers Goals Steal SensitiveData intercept texts or calls steal passwords Turn Devices Into Bots perform malicious actions gain root privileges Direct Financial Gain call or text premium numbers steal online banking credentials
- 4. ZitMo & SpitMo(2011) ● Companion of the famous ZeuS and SpyEye trojans. ● Steal the mTAN or SMS used for 2-factor authentication.
- 5. The attack scheme(1) www.yourbank.com username: user password: ************ INFECTED COMPUTER er *** : us ******* me rna ord: ** use sw pas $$ $$ $ $$ $ $ $$ $$
- 6. 2-factors authentication (password+ secret code) ONE TIME SECRET CODE ************ GO!
- 7. The attack scheme(2) www.yourbank.com username: user password: ************ ONE TIME SECRET CODE INFECTED COMPUTER TYPE IN THE ONE TIME SECRET CODE OK EXPIRED TYPE IN THE ONE TIME SECRET CODE
- 8. The attack scheme(2) www.yourbank.com username: user password: ************ INFECTED COMPUTER inject QR code
- 9. Luring Users witha QR Code USERNAME user PASSWORD ************ SCAN TO LOGIN Login
- 10. The attack scheme(3) www.evil.org/fake-login-app.apk
- 11. The attack scheme(4) www.yourbank.com username: user password: ************ ONE TIME SECRET CODE INFECTED COMPUTER INFECTED SMARTPHONE TYPE IN THE ONE TIME SECRET CODE OK
- 12. The attack scheme(5) FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS $$$$$$$ ALERT THE MALWARE HIDES SMSs FROM THE BANK
- 13. Perkele (2013) ● Soldfor $1,000 on underground markets/forums ● Development kit for bypassing 2-factor authentication
- 14. Better than Perkele Handof Thief kit (Android port, late 2013) $950
- 15.
- 16. M VE A H ST U Retrospective of Predictions E! ID SL Source(Trend Micro, Q2 2012)
- 17. M VE A H ST U Prediction vs. ActualData Number of Android malware samples E! ID SL Q4 2012 120,000 Source (Symantec, October 2013)
- 18. The Origin: TapSnake(2010)
- 21. Malware Distribution Google PlayStore. Alternative markets. Underground affiliate programs (growing business).
- 22. Alternative Markets (91) Andapponline Aptoide Soc.io 92Apk TStore Cisco Market SlideMe Insydemarket Android Downloadz AppChina Yandex App Store Lenovo App Store AndroidPit PandaApp MerkaMarket CoolApk Pdassi Omnitel Apps AppsZoom AppsEgg Good Ereader Anzhi Market iMedicalApps TIM Store ApkSuite AppTown Mobile9 EOE Market Barnes & Noble T-Store Opera App Store AppBrain Phoload HiApk Nvidia TegraZone T-Market Brothersoft AppsLib Androidblip Nduoa AppCake AT&T Camangi ESDN 1Mobile Baidu App Store Handmark CNET Blackmart Alpha Mobilism Brophone D.cn Appolicious F-Droid Mob.org LG World Gfan Appitalism Android games room Amazon Handango Samsung App Store Millet App Store WhiteApp AndroLib Mikandi Handster Taobao AppCity GetJar Nexva market AppsFire Tencent App Gem AlternativeTo Tablified Market Yet Another Android Market Mobango Hyper Market Appzil AndroidTapp No Crappy Apps Naver NStore Fetch Moborobo 91mobiles mobiles24 Android Freeware MplayIt Hami Olleh Market wandoujia
- 23. DroidDream (2011) -Host Apps Falling Down Super Guitar Solo Super History Eraser Photo Editor Super Ringtone Maker Super Sex Positions Chess Hilton Sex Sound Screaming Sexy Japanese Girls Falling Ball Dodge Scientific Calculator Dice Roller
- 24. DroidDream (2011) -Info Stealing Steals C&C http://184.105.245.17:8080/GMServer/GMServlet IMEI IMSI exploid root-level exploit. device model SDK version Copy of the original public exploit! language country
- 25. DroidDream (2011) -More Details Downloads 2nd payload. Encrypts C&C messages. Installs payload under /system No icon nor installed application is visible to the user. zHash uses the same exploit.
- 26. DroidDreamLight (2011) ● Massivecode refactoring. ● No root exploit. ● Steal same data. ● Receives remote updates. ● Affected 30–120k users. Image source (Trend Micro)
- 27. What the Malware! Source(Symantec, October 2013)
- 28.
- 29.
- 31. Plankton (2011) ● Updateonly some components. ● Silent update, no user participation. ● Payload hosted on Amazon. ● Inspired the AnserverBot family.
- 32. Plankton (2011) Silent update (firstfamily) Command & Control: Image source (Sophos)
- 33. Countermeasures Google Play appvetting Install and permission confirmation SMS/call blacklisting and quota App verify (call home when apps are installed - incl. 3rd party) ● App sandboxing ● SELinux in enforcing mode (Android 4.4) ● AV apps ● ● ● ●
- 34. Blacklist & SMSLimits CyanogenMod >=10.2 Blacklist numbers 50 SMS per 30 minute limit
- 35.
- 36. Apps Must DeclarePermissions User1 User2 User3 App1 Malicious App App2 App3 Virtual machine Virtual machine Virtual machine Process1 Process2 Process3 ... ... PERMISSIONS Linux kernel
- 37.
- 38. Selective Permissions Introduced in4.3. Users can selectively filter permissions. That's great!
- 39. Google claimed itsrelease was accidental Removed it in 4.4
- 40. Perms: Malware Goodware vs. Source: Y.Zhou and X. Jiang, “Dissecting Android Malware: Characterization and Evolution,” in Proceedings of the 33rd IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, 2012, pp. 95–109.
- 41. No primitives forprocess auditing User1 User2 User3 App1 Malicious App ... ANTIVIRUS APP Virtual machine Process1 ... PERMISSIONS Linux kernel Malicious App SD card
- 42. Workarounds (back inthe '80s) Signature-based matching (evaded by repackaging). Scan (limited) portion of the storage. Send sample to cloud service (malware can sniff network). Custom kernel (not market proof).
- 43. TGLoader (2012) -Root 'n text No permissions. Root the phone. Loads 3 malicious APKs. Premium texting. C&C communication. Exploid root exploit
- 44. Asroot (2011) Simple, standaloneapp. Uses asroot root exploit. Not really widespread.
- 45. Malware Apps onGoogle Play 2010 (2) TapSnake, SMSReplicator 2011 (13) DroidDream, zHash, DroidDreamLight, Zsone, Plankton YZHC, SndApps, Zitmo, Asroot, Gone60, DroidKungFu (2)
- 46. App Verify Source: A.Ludwig, E. Davis, and J. Larimer, “Android - Practical Security From the Ground Up,” in Virus Bulletin Conference, 2013.
- 47. Countermeasures and Downsides GooglePlay app vetting Few apps made it through it Permission confirmation Unaware users SMS/call blacklisting and Must know the numbers quota Must know the malware App verify Root exploits + ask App sandboxing permissions
- 48. Application Signing ● NoPKI ○ Apps signed with self-signed certs ○ AppIntegrity proposes a lightweight, neat solution ● Signature not checked at runtime ○ Can add new code at runtime and break the signature ● MasterKey vulnerability (CVE-2013-4787,
- 49. Exploited by Adr/MstrKey-A ●...as well as Skullkey ● Signed-unsigned integer values vulnerability (Jul 2013)
- 50. BaseBridge (2011) ● Assetfile hides the payload. ● Register to lots of events. ● Gains root privileges via RATC exploit. ○ spawn RLIMIT_NPROC-1 processes ○ kill adbd ○ spawn 1 process to race against adbd setuid()-ing ● Steals data (e.g., IMEI) + premium texts.
- 51. BaseBridge (2011) Source: Y.Zhou and X. Jiang, “Dissecting Android Malware: Characterization and Evolution,” in Proceedings of the 33rd IEEE Symposium
- 52. Academic Measurements 2010–October 2011[Zhou et al., 2012] 49 families 20–76% detection rate October 2011 [Vidas et al., 2013] 194 markets facilitate malware distribution 0–32% detection rate (I don't really buy
- 53. Our Measurements 2–8% ofthe apps are known malware (Jun-Nov 2013)
- 54. Our Measurements 10–20% ofthe apps are known adware (Jun-Nov 2013)
- 55. CarrierIQ (2011) -Not Really Malware 140M devices including Sprint, HTC, Samsung. Controversial app used for enhancing "customer experience". Log keystrokes. Record calls. Store text messages. Track location.
- 56. Fake CarrierIQ Detector:-) Detects CarrierIQ. It actually finds IQ if is there. Premium texter malware. http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/day-afteryear-mobile-malware
- 57. Find if IQservices are installed. Tries to send premium SMSs (notice the nested try-catch).
- 58. RootSmart (2012) ● 2ndmalware w/ GingerBreak exploit (1st was GingerMaster) ● Asks lots of permissions (suspicious ones) ○ MOUNT_UNMOUNT_FILESYSTEMS ○ RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED ○ CHANGE_WIFI_STATE ● Suspicious broadcast receiver ○ NEW_OUTGOING_CALL ● Fetches the exploit from obfuscated URL
- 59. Friendly Marketplaces Top 5authors publish both goodware and known malware.
- 60. Moghava (2012) -Annoying No monetary gain. Protest intended. Yet, very annoying. http://www.symantec. com/connect/blogs/androidmoghava-recipe-mayhem
- 62. LuckyCat (2012) -Used in APT 1st known used in APT. SMS initiated: "[...] time to renew data plan [...]" URL with WebKit exploit (this is drive-by!) Track user GPS, steal data. Naïvely encrypted C&C communication. http://www.trendmicro.com/cloud-content/us/pdfs/security-intelligence/white-papers/wp_adding-android-and-mac-
- 63. Chuli (2012) -Again, in APT High-profile Tibetan activist email hacked. Used to send malicious APK to other activists. Steals data (SMS, contacts, IMEI, GPS, etc). https://www.securelist.com/en/blog/208194186/Android_Trojan_Found_in_Targeted_Attack
- 64. Registration Service ProvidedBy: SHANGHAI MEICHENG TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD. Domain Name: DLMDOCUMENTSEXCHANGE.COM Registration Date: 08-Mar-2013 Expiration Date: 08-Mar-2014 Status:LOCKED The domain registration data indicates the following owner: Registrant Contact Details: peng jia (bdoufwke123010@gmail.com) beijingshiahiidienquc.d beijingshi beijing,100000 CN Tel. +86.01078456689 Fax. +86.01078456689
- 66. Obad (2013) -Sophisticated Raises the bar. Could propagate via Bluetooth and WiFi. First emulator-aware malware. Anti dynamic analysis (corrupted XML) Anti static analysis (packed instr. + anti decompiling + encrypted strings) Gains device administration rights to hides itself.
- 67. Corrupted XML No attributenames. Accepted by smartphones. Makes sandboxes fail.
- 68. Bogus Instructions Targets specificallythe dedexer disassembler. Prevents automatic repackaging of dex for analysis. Needed manual intervention. http://joe4mobile.blogspot.com/2013/06/analyzing-obada-aka-most-sophisticated.html
- 69.
- 70. Device Admin Privs Usedto administer devices. http://www.comodo. com/resources/Android_OBAD_Tech_Reportv3.pdf Fool the user. http://developer.android. com/guide/topics/admin/device-admin.html
- 71. Baseline Features Steal data. Remoteupdate. Execute shell commands. C&C communication (hardcoded...).
- 72. Mouabad (2013) -Sneaky Dialer Works when device goes to lock mode. Stops working right away when the user unlocks the device. Calls premium numbers located in China. No sophisticated anti-analysis techniques.
- 73. Stels (2013) -Spreads via Botnet Spreads through Cutwail botnet via spam emails. Vulnerable website to drop PHP script. PHP script fingerprints the client. Malicious (non-sophisticated) APK if browser == Android. Steals the usual data. http://www.secureworks.com/cyber-threat-intelligence/threats/stels-android-trojan-malware-analysis/
- 74. How Many InfectedDevices? Damballa & GaTech DNS traffic analysis (2012) Mobile devices (0.0009%) 3,492 of 380,537,128 Kindsight Security Lab Mobile devices 0.50% (Q1) 0.52% (Q2) Android devices 1.00% (Q2)
- 75. Conclusions ● Many infectedapps (hundreds of thousands) ● Low infection rate (0.0009–1.0%) ○ Wide range of uncertainty ○ The ROI per infected device must be high! ● Authors have just started to show what they can do.
- 76.