Basic Programming concepts - Programming with C++

‫الدسوقى‬ ‫إبراهيم‬ ‫محمد‬
‫محاضر‬‫الحاسب‬ ‫علوم‬ ‫و‬ ‫هندسة‬ ‫بكلية‬–‫المعلومات‬ ‫نظم‬ ‫قسم‬
‫العزيز‬ ‫عبد‬ ‫بن‬ ‫سلـــمان‬ ‫جامعة‬-‫السعودية‬–‫الخرج‬ ‫محافظة‬
Email : mohamed_eldesouki@hotmail.com

What Is Programming and Program Development Life
Cycle ?
• Programming is a process of problem solving
• Step 1: Analyze the problem
– Outline the problem and its requirements
– Design steps (algorithm) to solve the problem
• Step 2: Implement the algorithm
– Implement the algorithm in code
– Verify that the algorithm works
• Step 3: Maintenance
– Use and modify the program if the problem domain changes
Algorithm:
– Step-by-step problem-solving process
2

The Problem Analysis–Coding–Execution Cycle
• Understand the Overall problem
• Understand problem requirements
– Does program require user interaction?
– Does program manipulate data?
– What is the output?
• If the problem is complex, divide it into subproblems
– Analyze each subproblem as above
3

The Problem Analysis–Coding–Execution
Cycle (cont'd.)
• Run code through compiler
• If compiler generates errors
– Look at code and remove errors
– Run code again through compiler
• If there are no syntax errors
– Compiler generates equivalent machine code
• Linker links machine code with system resources
4

The Problem Analysis–Coding–Execution
Cycle (cont'd.)
• Once compiled and linked, loader can place program into main memory
for execution
• The final step is to execute the program
• Compiler guarantees that the program follows the rules of the language
– Does not guarantee that the program will run correctly
C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition5

The Language of a Computer
• Machine language: language of a computer
• Binary digit (bit):
– The digit 0 or 1
• Binary code:
– A sequence of 0s and 1s
• Byte:
– A sequence of eight bits
6

The Evolution of Programming Languages
• Early computers were programmed in machine language
• To calculate wages = rates * hours in machine language:
100100 010001 //Load
100110 010010 //Multiply
100010 010011 //Store

• Assembly language instructions are mnemonic
• Assembler: translates a program written in assembly language into
machine language

• Using assembly language instructions, wages = rates • hours can
be written as:
LOAD rate
MULT hour
STOR wages
9

• High-level languages include Basic, FORTRAN, COBOL, Pascal, C, C++,
C#, and Java
• Compiler: translates a program written in a high-level language machine
language
• The equation wages = rate • hours can be written in C++ as:
wages = rate * hours;
10

The Problem Analysis–Coding–Execution Cycle
11
Errors
Errors
Using Any
Programming
Language
Translate Code
To Machine
Language

Basic Definitions
13
• Programming language:
– a set of rules, symbols, and special words used to write computer
programs.
• Computer program
– Sequence of statements whose objective is to accomplish a task.
• Syntax:
– rules that specify which statements (instructions) are legal

Computer System
14
Input Output
Processing
Operation
1
Oper
2
Oper
2

Example 1
• Write a program to find the Area of a rectangle
The area of the Rectangle are given by the following formula:
Area = Rect Length * Rect Width.
Input :
Rectangle Length , Rectangle Width.
Processing :
Output :
Print Out The area.
15

Example 2
• Write a program to find the perimeter and area of a square
The perimeter and area of the square are given by the following formulas:
perimeter = Side Length * 4
area = Side Length * Side Length
Input:
Square Side Length
Processing:
Output:
Print Out The Perimeter and Area.
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Your First C++ Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
// This program is written by Mohamed El Desouki
cout << "My first C++ program." << endl;
return 0;
}
Sample Run:
My first C++ program.
17

Processing a C++ Program (cont'd.)
• To execute a C++ program:
– Use an editor to create a source program in C++
– Preprocessor directives begin with # and are processed by a the preprocessor
– Use the compiler to:
• Check that the program obeys the rules
• Translate into machine language (object program)
– Linker:
• Combines object program with other programs provided by the SDK to
create executable code
– Loader:
• Loads executable program into main memory
– The last step is to execute the program
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Processing a C++ Program (cont'd.)
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Interacting With User: Displaying Messages on Screen
• In C++ , we use Cout << “ Text To be Displayed on The screen “ ;
• To use Cout << , we must use
– #include <iostream> ;
– using namespace std;
• #include <iostream> notifies the preprocessor to include the contents of the input/output
stream header file <iostream> in the program
• We can use the Escape Sequence to format the Displayed Text.
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• We can put comment on our programs using
• // to comment a single line
// this progrm is written by mohamed El desouki
• /*
Mulitple Lines
• */ to comment multiple lines
/* This program is written by Mohamed El Desouki
On Monday 11/1/2012
*/
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Interacting With User: Comments

Example 1
• Write a program to find the Area of a rectangle
The area of the Rectangle are given by the following formula:
Input :
Rectangle Length , Rectangle Width.
Processing :
Output :
Print Out The area.
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Central Processing Unit and Main Memory

24
Interacting With User: Accept Input From User
• In C++ , we use Cin >> Variable; To accept an input from the user.
• To use Cin >>, we must use #include <iostream> ;
• #include <iostream> notifies the preprocessor to include in the program the
contents of the input/output stream header file <iostream>.
• A variable is a location in the computer’s memory where a value can be stored for
use by a program.
• All variables must be declared with a name and a data type before they can be
used in a program.
• Declaration
DataType Identifier;
Int width ;
Float salary ;

C++ Data Types
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char
Character or small
integer.
1byte
signed: -128 to 127
unsigned: 0 to 255
int Integer. 4bytes
signed: -2147483648 to 2147483647
unsigned: 0 to 4294967295
short int (short) Short Integer. 2bytes
signed: -32768 to 32767
long int (long) Long integer. 4bytes
signed: -2147483648 to 2147483647
bool
Boolean value. It can
take one of two values:
true or false.
1byte true or false
float Floating point number. 4bytes +/- 3.4e +/- 38 (~7 digits)
double
Double precision floating
point number.
8bytes +/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits)
long double
Long double precision
floating point number.
8bytes +/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits)

Working With Variable
26
Int length ;
Int width;
Int area;
Cin>>Length;
Cin>>width;
Area = Length * width ;
Length
Width
area
5
10
50

Example 2
• Write a program to find the perimeter and area of a square
The perimeter and area of the square are given by the following formulas:
Input:
Square Side Length
Processing:
Output:
Print Out The Perimeter and Area.
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Declaring & Initializing Variables
• Initialization means to give a variable an initial value.
• Variables can be initialized when declared:
int first=13, second=10;
char ch=' ';
double x=12.6;
• All variables must be initialized before they are used in an arithmetic
operatation
– But not necessarily during declaration
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Rules on Variable Names
• DO NOT use reserved words as variable names
(e.g. if, else, int, float, case, for, …).
• The first character has to be a letter or underscore. It can not be a numeric digit.
• The second and the other characters of the name can be any letter, any number, or
an underscore “_”.
Examples
Some valid names:
my_name, m113_1, salary, bluemoon , _at
Some invalid names:
my name, my-name , 1stmonth , salary! , guns&roses ,
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Frequently used data types
30
Data Types Bytes Used
int 4 Bytes
short 2 Bytes
double 8 Bytes
unsigned 4 Bytes
Float 4 Bytes
Double 8 Bytes
Char 1 Byte
• The data type unsigned is used to represent positive
integers.
•float and double data types for storing real numbers.
The float data type has a precision of seven digits
-This means after the decimal point you can have seven digits
-Example: 3.14159 534.322344 0.1234567
•The double data type has a precision of fifteen digits
Example :
-3738.7878787878 3.141592653589790
0.123456789123456

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• We can use Scientific Notation to represent real numbers that are very large or very small in
value.
• The letters e or E is used to represent times 10 to the power.
Example:
• 1.23 x 10 5 is represented as 1.23e5 or 1.23e+5 or 1.23E5
• 1 x 10 -9 is represented as 1e-9
Frequently used data types

Arithmetic Operations
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Parentheses are used in C++ expressions in the same manner as in algebraic expressions.
For example, to multiply a times the quantity b + c
we write a * ( b + c ).
There is no arithmetic operator for exponentiation in C++,
so x2 is represented as x * x.

Precedence of arithmetic operations
33
For example,
2 + 3 * 5 and (2 + 3) * 5
both have different meanings

34
Example :

• ? = 1 + 2 * (3 + 4)
– Evaluated as 1 + (2 * (3+4)) and the result is 15
• ? = 5 * 2 + 9 % 4
– Evaluated as (5*2) + (9 % 4) and the result is 11
• ? = 5 * 2 % ( 7 – 4)
– Evaluated as (5 * 2)% (7 – 4)and the result is 1
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Data Type of an Arithmetic Expression
• Data type of an expression depends on the type of its operands
– Data type conversion is done by the compiler
• If operators are *, /, +, or – , then the type of the result will be:
– integer, if all operands are integer.
» Int A , B;
» A+ B  Integer.
– float, If at least one operand is float and there is no double
» Int A ; Float B;
» A + B  Float.
– double, if at least one operand is double
• Int A ; Float B; Double C;
» A + B + C  double.
36

Example
int * int;
int + float;
Int + double / float;
int – double;
result int
result float
result double
result double

• The data type of the target variable is also important
• If the result is a real number and the target variable is declared as
integer, only the integer part of the result will be kept, and decimal
part will be lost.
Example
38
The result is calculated as
16.66667
But avg will be 16int avg;
float sum=100.0, cnt = 6.0;
avg = sum / cnt;

39
The result of the division will be 16
avg will be 16.0float avg;
int sum=100, cnt = 6;
avg = sum / cnt;
• Only the integer part of the result will be considered if two operands are integer
Even when the target variable is float

Type Casting
int main()
{
int i=5, j=3;
float div;
div= i/j;
cout<< div;
}
40
The div will be 1.0
and this is not write
int main()
{
int i=5, j=3;
float div;
div=(float) i/j;
cout<< div;
}
Type cast: tells the compiler to treat i
as a float
After type casting , The div will be
1.66667

Increment and Decrement Operators
• Increment operator: increment variable by 1
– Pre-increment: ++variable
– Post-increment: variable++
• Decrement operator: decrement variable by 1
– Pre-decrement: --variable
– Post-decrement: variable --
• Examples :
++K , K++  k= K+1
--K , K--  K= K-1
41

Increment and Decrement Operators
• If the value produced by ++ or – – is not used in an expression, it does
not matter whether it is a pre or a post increment (or decrement).
• When ++ (or – –) is used before the variable name, the computer first
increments (or decrements) the value of the variable and then uses its
new value to evaluate the expression.
• When ++ (or – –) is used after the variable name, the computer uses the
current value of the variable to evaluate the expression, and then it
increments (or decrements) the value of the variable.
• There is a difference between the following
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x = 5;
Cout << ++x;
x = 5;
Cout << x++;

special assignment statements
43
• C++ has special assignment statements called compound
assignments
+= , -= , *= , /= , %=
• Example:
X +=5 ; means x = x + 5;
x *=y; means x = x * y;
x /=y; means x = x / y;

Control Statements
• Normally, statements in a program are executed one after the other in the order
in which they’re written.
• This is called sequential execution.
• There are control statements enable you to specify that the next statement to
be executed may be other than the next one in sequence.
• This is called transfer of control.
• The control statements are categorized in almost two groups:
 Selection control statements
 Repetition control statements

45
1
2
3
6
4
5
7
9
8
Sequential ExecutionTransfer of Control

• Selection statements are used to choose among alternative courses of action.
• For example, suppose the passing mark on an exam is 60. The pseudocode
statement
– If student’s marks is greater than or equal to 60 Then
Print “Passed”
Selection Statements : If Statement

47
if ( Expression)
action statement ;
if ( Expression)
{
action statement 1 ;
action statement 2 ;
.
.
action statement n ;
}
In C++ , The syntax for the If statement
if ( grade >= 60 )
cout <<"Passedn“;
•The Expression can be any valid
expression including a relational expression
and even arithmetic expression
•In case of using arithmetic expressions , a
non-zero value is considered to be true,
whereas a 0 is considered to be false

Relational Expression and Relational Operators
48
Operator Means
== Equal To
!= Not Equal To
< Less Than
<= Less Than or Equal To
> Greater Than
>= Greater Than or Equal To
• Relational expression is an expression which compares 2 operands and returns a
TRUE or FALSE answer.
Example : a >= b , a == c , a >= 99 , ‘A’ > ‘a’
• Relational expressions are used to test the conditions in selection, and looping
statements.

Example : write a program that accept an integer from the user and in case this
integer is even print out the following message
“This number is even “ .
49
Selection Statements : If Statement

• The IF…Else selection statement allows you to specify that there is a course of
actions are to be performed when the condition is true and another course of
actions will be executed when the condition is false.
• For example, the pseudocode statement
– If student’s mark is greater than or equal to 60
Print “Passed”
else
Print “Failed”
Selection Statements : If .. Else Statement

51
if ( Expression)
action statement ;
Else
action statement ;
if ( Expression)
{
action statements 1 ;
.
}
Else
{
action statements 1 ;
.
}
In C++ , The syntax for the If…Else statement
if ( grade >= 60 )
cout <<"Passedn“;
Else
cout <<“Failedn”

Example : write a program that accept an integer from the user and
print out whether it is Positive or Negative number.
52
Selection Statements : If – else Statement

Nested If
53
• Nested If : means to write an if statement within another if statement.
Example : write a program that accept an integer number from the user ,
in case the number is Positive , check and print out whether it is Even or Odd
number.
int main()
{
int number;
cout <<"Please Enter any number n";
cin >>number;
if ( number >=0)
if (number % 2 == 0)
cout <<" This is an Even number n";
else
cout <<"This is an Odd number n n";
}

IF – Else IF statement
54
• For example, write a program that ask the user to Enter 2 numbers and print out
whether they are equal or there is one which is greater than the other.
int main()
{
int num1, num2;
cout <<"Enter Number 1 , Number2 n";
cin >>num1>>num2;
if ( num1 == num2 )
cout << "Both Are Equal n";
else if (num1 > num2 )
cout <<"Number 1 is greater than number 2 n";
else
cout <<"Number 2 is greater than number 1 n";
}

IF – Else IF
55
• For example, the following code will print
 A for exam grades greater than or equal to 90,
 B for grades greater than or equal to 80,
 C for grades greater than or equal to 70,
 D for grades greater than or equal to 60, and
 F for all other grades.
– if ( grade >= 90 )
cout << "An“ ;
else if ( grade >= 80 )
cout << "Bn”;
cout << "Cn”;
cout << "Dn”;
else
cout << "Fn“ ;

Combining more than one condition
56
Operator Means Description
&& And The Expression Value Is true If and Only IF both
Conditions are true
|| OR The Expression Value Is true If one Condition Is True
• To combine more than one condition we use the logical operators.
Example : check whether num1 is between 0 and 100
IF ( (num1 >= 0) && (num1 <=100) )
Cout <<“The Number Is between 1 and 100” ;
Else
Cout <<“ The Number Is Larger Than 100”;

57
Example, print out the student grade according to the following formulas:
 A for exam marks greater than or equal 90 and less than or equal 100 ,
 B for exam marks greater than or equal 80 and less than 90 ,
 C for exam marks than or equal to 70 and less than 80 ,
 D for exam marks than or equal to 60, and less than 70 ,
 F for all other marks.
– if ( marks >= 90 && marks <= 100)
cout << "An“ ;
else if (marks >= 80 && marks <90 )
cout << "Bn”;
cout << "Cn”;
cout << "Dn”;
else
cout << "Fn“ ;
Combining more than one condition

Example : A company insures its Employees in the following cases:
– Employee is married.
– Employee is an Single male above 30 years of age.
– Employee is an Single female above 25 years of age.
– Conditions :
1. Marital status = ‘M’; OR
2. Marital Status =‘S’ and Sex=‘M’ and Age >30 OR
3. Marital Status =‘S’ and Sex=‘F’ and Age >25
58

Selection statements: Switch Statement.
59
The switch control statement that allows us to make a decision from the number
of choices
Switch (Expression )
{
case constant 1 :
Action statements;
break ;
case constant 2 :
Action statements;
break ;
case constant 3 :
Action statements;
break ;
default :
Action statements;
}
Expression It could be an integer constant like
1, 2 or 3, or an expression that evaluates to an
integer .
Constant : is a specific value.
Switch (10);
Int i ;
Switch (i);
switch ( i + j * k )
switch ( 23 + 45 % 4 * k )
Switch (10.0);
float i ;
Switch (i);
switch ( 23 + 45 % 4 * k )
Case 50:
Case 40 +10;
Case >= 50;
Case a+ b;

61
int i;
Cin>>I;
switch ( i )
{
case 10 :
Cout << "I am in case 1 n“ ;
break ;
case 20 :
break ;
case 30 :
break ;
default :
Cout << "I am in default n“ ;
}
char ch = 'x' ;
switch ( ch )
{
case 'v' :
Cout<< "I am in case v n“ ;
break ;
case 'a' :
Cout<< "I am in case a n“ ;
break ;
case 'x' :
Cout<< "I am in case x n” ;
break ;
default :
Cout<< "I am in default n„ ;
}
Expression Possible Forms
switch ( 23 + 45 % 4 * k )

62
switch (grade)
{
case 90 :
cout <<"You Got A n"; break;
case 80 :
cout <<"You Got B n"; break;
case 70 :
cout <<"You Got C n"; break;
case 60 :
cout <<"You Got D n"; break;
default :
cout <<" Sorry , You Got F n";
}
if ( marks >= 90 && marks <= 100)
cout << "An“ ;
cout << "Bn”;
cout << "Cn”;
cout << "Dn”;
else
cout << "Fn“ ;

Switch Versus IF – Else IF
• There are some things that you simply cannot do with a switch. These
are:
– A float expression cannot be tested using a switch
– Cases can never have variable expressions (for example it is wrong to
say case a +3 : )
– Multiple cases cannot use same expressions.
– switch works faster than an equivalent IF - Else ladder.
63

Control Statements : Repetition statements
• Some times we need to repeat a specific course of actions either a
specified number of times or until a particular condition is being satisfied.
• For example :
– To calculate the Average grade for 10 students ,
– To calculate the bonus for 10 employees or
– To sum the input numbers from the user as long as he/she enters
positive numbers.
• There are three methods by way of which we can repeat a part of a
program. They are:
– (a) Using a while statement
– (b) Using a do-while statement
– (C) Using a for statement
64

65
1- The While Loop
1- loop counter is any numeric variable ( int , float ,….).
2- when using a counter , the while loop is called
counter –controlled loop.
3- The initial value of the loop counter is up to you,
but you have to increment it to avoid endless loops.
While ( continuation condition)
{
Action statement 1 ;
Action statement 2 ;
.
.
Action statement n ;
}

1- The While Loop
66
The condition being tested
may be relational, logical or
even numeric expression :
while ( i <= 10 )
while ( i >= 10 && j <= 15 )
While (3) , While (3 + 5)

• Example : Write a program that calculates and prints out the Average
grade for 6 students .
int counter = 1;
int grade=0 , sum=0;
while (counter <=6)
{
cout <<"Enter grade for student no " << counter <<"n";
cin >>grade;
sum += grade;
counter ++;
}
cout <<"Average Grade is " << sum/counter <<"n";
67
1- The While Loop

• Example : Write a program To print out the sum of the numbers entered
from the user as long as he/she enters positive numbers.
68
int number=0 , sum=0;
while (number >= 0)
{
cout <<" Enter Positive numbers to sum n";
cin>>number;
sum += number;
}
Cout <<“ sum = “ << sum <<“n”;
1- The While Loop

• Example : Write a program To print out the sum of the numbers entered
from the user as long as he/she enters positive numbers.
69
int number=0 , sum=0;
cin>>number;
while (1)
{
sum += number;
cin>>number;
If (number < 0)
break;
}
1- The While Loop

grade for 5 students or ends the program by entering -1.
70
int grade=0, counter =1, sum=0;
cout <<" Enter 5 grades or -1 To Exit n";
while (counter <=5 && grade !=-1)
{
cin>>grade;
sum += grade;
counter ++;
}
cout <<"The sum of grades is " << sum <<"n";
1- The While Loop

2- The do-while Loop
71
1- loop counter is any numeric variable ( int , float ,….).
2- The initial value of the loop counter is up to you,
but you have to increment it to avoid endless loops.
3- The Loop Body is Executed at least one Time.

2- The do-while Loop
72
The condition being tested
may be relational, logical or
even numeric expression :
while ( i <= 10 )
while ( i >= 10 && j <= 15 )
While (3) , While (3 + 5)

int counter = 1;
do
{
cout <<"Enter grade for student no " << counter <<"n";
cin >>grade;
sum += grade;
counter ++;
}
while (counter <=6) ;
cout <<"Average Grade is " << sum/counter <<"n";
73
2- The do-While Loop

Control Statements : Repetition statements
• Some times we need to repeat a specific course of actions either a
specified number of times or until a particular condition is being satisfied.
• For example :
– To calculate the Average grade for 10 students ,
– To calculate the bonus for 10 employees or
– To sum the input numbers from the user as long as he/she enters
positive numbers.
• There are three methods by way of which we can repeat a part of a
program. They are:
– (a) Using a while statement
– (b) Using a do-while statement
– (C) Using a for statement
75

3- The For Loop.
• For Loop is probably the most popular looping instruction.
• general form of for statement is
• The for allows us to specify three things about a loop in a single line:
(a) Setting a loop counter to an initial value.
(b) testing the loop counter to detect whether its value reached the number
of repetitions desired.
(c) increasing the value of loop counter each time the program segment
within the loop has been executed.

77
int grade=0, sum=0;
for (int counter =1 ; counter <=6 ; counter ++)
{
cout <<"Enter Grade n";
cin>>grade;
sum += grade;
}
cout <<"The Average grades is “ << sum/6 <<"n";
3- The For Loop.
int counter = 1;
while (counter <=6)
{
cout <<"Enter grade for student n“ ;
cin >>grade;
sum += grade;
counter ++;
}
cout <<"Average Grade is "
<< sum/6 <<"n";

78
• Example : Write a program that prints out numbers from 0 to 10;
for (int i= 0 ; i <=10 ; i++)
cout << i << "n“;
• Example : Write a program that prints out the even numbers from 2 to 20;
for (int i = 2 ; i <=20 ; i+=2 )
cout << i << "n“;
3- The For Loop.
• Example : Write a program that prints out numbers from 0 to 10 in
descending order;
for (int i = 10 ; i >=0 ; i-- )
cout << i << "n“;

79
• Example : Write a program that accepts 10 numbers from the user and
prints out the sum of even numbers and the sum of odd numbers.
3- The For Loop.

80
int i = 1 ;
for ( ; i <= 10 ; i + + )
cout<< i ;
int i = 1 ;
for ( ; i <= 10 ; )
{
cout<< i ;
i ++;
}
int i ;
for ( i = 0 ; i++ < 10 ; )
cout<< i ;
int i ;
for ( i = 0 ; ++ i < 10 ; )
cout<< i ;
3- The For Loop.

• Example : Write a program that calculates the Factorial for any given
positive number.
Ex : Factorial (5) = 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1
81
int number, factorial=1;
cout <<"Enter a positive numbern";
cin >> number;
if (number < 0 )
cout <<" Enter Positive Numbers onlyn";
else
for (int i= 1 ; I <=number ; i++)
factorial = factorial * i;
cout <<" Factorila = “ << factorial <<"n";
3- The For Loop.

Nested Loops
• Example : Write a program that calculates the Factorial for numbers from
1 to 10;
82
for ( int number=1; number<=10 ; number++)
{
for ( int i= 1 ; i <=number ; i++)
{
factorial = factorial * i ;
}
cout <<" Factorila of " << number <<"=" << factorial <<"n";
}

*
**
***
****
*****
******
83
• Example : Write a program that prints out the following pattern.
Nested Loops
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
for (int j = 1; j <= i ; j++)
cout << "*";
cout << endl;
}

Functions
• Most computer programs that solve real-world problems include hundreds and even
thousands of lines.
• Experience has shown that the best way to develop and maintain a large program is
to construct it from smaller pieces or modules, each of which is more manageable
than the original program.
• This technique is called divide and conquer.
• A Function : is a self-contained block of statements that perform a specific
task.
• using a function is something like hiring a person to do a specific job for
you.
84

85
Task 1
Task 2
Task 3
Task 4
Function ( )
Function ( ) Function ( )
Function ( )
In Real Life
In Programming

Why to use Functions ?
• Functions allows to write more manageable units of code.
• Writing functions avoids rewriting the same code over and over.
• Easy maintenance for programs.
Important Tips
1- Don’t try to cram the entire logic in one function. It is a very bad style of
programming.
2- Instead, break a program into small units and write functions for each of these
isolated subdivisions.
3- Don’t hesitate to write functions that are called only once.
86

87
Task 1
Task 2
Task 3
Task 4
Get_Marks( )
Calc_sum( ) Calc_Average ( )
Print_out ( )
Calculate and print out The
sum and the Average of 3
student marks.

Functions
88
Function Definition
return-value-type function-name( parameter-list )
{
Lines of code to be
executed
…
…
…
(Body)
}
Parameter-List : Is a list of
data values supplied from
the calling program as
input to the function. It is
Optional
return-value-type:
Is the data type for the
returned value from the
function to the calling
program. It is Mandatory, if
no returned value expected
, we use keyword Void.

Function Types
1. Built in Functions (Ready Made).
• For Example : Math Library Functions <cmath> Like
89

Built in Functions
int abs (int number) ;
double pow (double base, double exponent) ;
Double floor (double number);
Double sqrt (double number);
90
To correctly use the built in functions we must know well its header (prortotype).
return-value-type function-name( parameter-list )

91
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
int main ( )
{
int i = -5 ;
double x = 5.0;
double y = 2.0;
double z = 5.21;
cout << "The absolute value of i is " << abs (i) << "n n";
cout << "The power of x to the power y is " << pow (x,y) << "n n";
cout << "The Floor for Z is " << floor (z) <<"n n";
cout << "The Ceil for Z is " << ceil (z) <<"n n";
}

Function Types
92
2. User Defined Functions ( Tailored by Programmers).
Working with user defined functions is done in three steps :
1- Function declaration (Prototype , in C++ written before Main ( ) ).
2- Function Definition (Body, in C++ written After Main ( ) ).
3- Invoking Function (Calling, From The Main ( ) ).

Building Functions
93
1- Function Declaration (Written before The main( ) )
return-value-type function-name( Formal parameter-list )
2- Function Definition (Written after The main( ) )
return-value-type function-name( Formal parameter-list )
{
Lines of code to be
executed
}
3- Invoking Function ( From The main( ) )
Function name ( Actual Parameter- List );
Formal Parameter-List :
Is a list of input parameters
with their data types .
Int abs ( int x );
Actual Parameter-List : Is a
list of input parameters
without their data types .
Cout << abs ( i );

User-Defined Functions
• Value-returning functions: have a return type
– Return a value of a specific data type using the return statement
– the returned value can be used in one of the following scenarios:
• Save the value for further calculation
Int result;
Result = sum ( x , y );
• Use the value in some calculation
Result = sum(x , y) /2;
• Print the value
Cout << sum(x , y);
• Void functions: do not have a return type
– Do not use a return statement to return a value

Flow of Execution
• Execution always begins at the first statement in the function main
• Other functions are executed only when they are called
• Function prototypes appear before any function definition
– The compiler translates these first
• The compiler can then correctly translate a function call

Flow of Execution (cont'd.)
• A function call results in transfer of control to the first statement in the
body of the called function
• After the last statement of a function is executed, control is passed back
to the point immediately following the function call
• A value-returning function returns a value
– After executing the function the returned value replaces the function
call statement

• For Example : write a program that ask the user to Enter 2 integer numbers
and print out the larger of them.
97
int larger (int num1 , int num2);
int main ()
{
int n1 , n2 , result;
cout <<"Please Enter 2 integer numbers n";
cin >>n1 >> n2;
result = larger(n1,n2);
cout <<" The Larger number is " << result<<"n";
}
int larger (int num1 , int num2)
{
int max;
if (num1 >= num2)
max = num1;
else
max = num2;
return max;
}

For Example: Write a program to calculate the Area and volume for a sphere.
– The area of sphere = 4 * PI * Radius * Radius .
– The Volume of sphere = 4/3 * PI * Radius * Radius * Radius .
– Note : PI = 3.14
98

99
For Example : write a program that ask the user to Enter 3 integer numbers
and print out their sum and Average.
int sum (int num1 , int num2, int num3);
float average (int num1,int num2, int num3 );
int main ()
{
int n1 , n2 , n3 ;
cin >>n1 >> n2 >> n3;
cout <<" The sum of the 3 number is " << sum (n1, n2,n3) <<"n";
cout <<" The average of the 3 number is " << average (n1, n2,n3) <<"n";
}
int sum (int num1 , int num2, int num3)
{
return num1+num2+num3;
}
float average (int num1, int num2, int num3 )
{
return sum (num1 , num2 , num3)/3;
}

100
Function Parameter’s Default Value
int sum (int num1 , int num2, int num3 = 90);
int main( )
{
int n1 , n2 ;
cin >>n1 >> n2 ;
cout <<" The sum of the 3 number is " << sum (n1, n2) <<"n";
}
int sum (int num1 , int num2, int num3 = 90)
{
return num1+ num2+ num3;
}

Function Parameters Types
101
• Value parameter: Reference parameter:
– The value parameter has its own copy of the data
– During program execution, The value parameter manipulates the data
stored in its own memory space. So , the actual parameter not Affected
with any change.
void swap( int x, int y )
{
int temp;
temp= x;
x = y;
x = temp;
}
x y
Temp
10 20

• Reference parameter:
– A reference parameter stores the address of the corresponding actual parameter
– During program execution to manipulate data, The address stored in the
reference parameter directs it to the memory space of the corresponding actual
parameter
• Reference parameters are useful in three situations:
– Returning more than one value
– Changing the actual parameter
– When passing the address would save memory space and time
102

103
void swap( int &x, int &y )
{
int temp;
temp= x;
x = y;
x = temp;
}

Scope of a variable
scope is the context within a program in which a variable is valid and
can be used.
– Local variable: declared within a function (or block)
– can be accessible only within the function or from declaration to the end of the
block.
– Within nested blocks if no variable with same name exists.
104
int main ( )
{
{
Int x ;
}
}
int sum (int x , int y )
{
int result ;
result = x + y;
return result;
}

Scope of a variable
Global variable: declared outside of every function definition.
– Can be accessed from any function that has no local variables with the same
name. In case the function has a local variable with the same name as the
global variable ,
105
Int z ;
int main ( )
{
{
}
}
int sum (int x , int y )
{
}

106
int x = 100 ;
int main ( )
{
int x= 10;
int y = 50;
cout << " Global X" << ::x << " Main X" << x << " " << y;
{
int z , x ;
z=100;
y=100;
x= 250;
cout <<" inner block " << x ;
}
}
Scope of a variable

107
• Using global variables causes side effects
– A function that uses global variables is not independent
– If more than one function uses the same global variable and something goes
wrong ,
– It is difficult to find what went wrong and where Problems caused in one area
of the program may appear to be from another area.
– To prevent the global variable to be modified use the Const Keyword.
Const float pi = 3.14;
Scope of a variable

Static and Automatic Variables
• Automatic variable:
– memory is allocated at block entry and de-allocated at block exit
– By default, variables declared within a block are automatic variables
108
int issue_ticket (int x , int y )
{
int ticket_no = 0;
cout <<"Flight No : " <<flight_no <<"n";
cout <<"Ticket no : " << ++ ticket_no <<"n";
cout <<"Issued For: " << pname <<"n n n";
}
0
Ticket No
1
Ticket No

Static and Automatic Variables
• Automatic variable:
– memory is allocated at block entry and de-allocated at block exit
– By default, variables declared within a block are automatic variables
• Static variable:
– memory remains allocated as long as the program executes
– Variables declared outside of any block are static variables
– Declare a static variable within a block by using the reserved word
static .
Static int x;
109

Arrays
• Array : is a collection of fixed number of elements, wherein all
of elements have same data type.
• Array Basics:
– Consecutive group of memory locations that all have the same type.
– The collection of data is indexed, or numbered, and at starts at 0 and
The highest element index is one less than the total number of
elements in the array.
• One-dimensional array:
– elements are arranged in list form.
• Multi-dimensional array:
– elements are arranged in tabular form.

• Syntax for declaring a one-dimensional array:
Datatype ArrayName [ArraySize] ;
ArraySize: any positive integer or constant variable.
111
• Example:
int num[5];
Arrays
• Example: const int size = 5 ;
int num[size];
num

• Accessing array Elements
Arrayname [element index].
Arrays
• Example: int list[10];
list[5] = 34;
Cout << list [5];

113
Array Initialization
• Consider the declaration
int list[10]; //array of size 10
• After declaring the array you can use the For .. Loop to initialize it with
values submmited by the user.
• Using for loops to access array elements:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
//process list[i]
• Example:
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
cin >> list[i];

• Example : Write a program that ask the user to enter 10 Employee
salaries and store them , then add a bonus of 10 % for each
employee and print out the average salary value.
114

• Arrays can be initialized during declaration
– In this case, it is not necessary to specify the size of the array
• Size determined by the number of initial values in the braces
• Example 1: int Items[] = {12, 32, 16, 23, 45};
• Example 2: int items [10] = { 0 };
• Example 3: int items [10] = { 5, 7, 10 };
115

int Arr1[5];
int Arr2 [ 5 ] ;
Arr1 = Arr2 ;
116

117
Array as a Parameter to Function
• Arrays are passed by reference only
• The symbol & is not used when declaring an array as a formal parameter
• The size of the array is usually passed as a parameter to the function.
Float calc_Average ( Float marks [ ] , int size )
{
float sum =0 ;
for (int I =0 ; I <size ; I ++)
Sum += marks [ I ] ;
return sum / size;
}
• We may add keyword const before array name to
Prevent the function from modifying the array elements.
Float calc_Average ( const Float marks [ ] , int size )

118
bool find_Item( int list[ ] , int searcheditem , int size)
{
int indx;
bool found = false;
for ( indx = 0 ; indx < size ; indx++)
if (list[indx] == searcheditem)
{
found =true ;
break ;
}
return found;
}
• Example : Write a program that uses a function to search for an
item within an array.

Two Dimensional Array
• Used when data is provided in a table form.
• For Example , to store 4 Marks for 6 students.
119
M4M3M2M 1
Student 1
Student 2
Student 3
Student 4
Student 5
Student 6

120
• Two dimensional Array declaration
Datatype ArrayName [ Rows] [Columns] ;
Example :
Float marks [6] [4] ;
1
2
3
4
5
0 1 2 3
20
marks [4][2]= 20 ;
0

121
Two dimensional Array Initialization
• Consider the declaration
float marks[6][4];
• After declaring the array you can use the For .. Loop to initialize it with
values submmited by the user.
• Using 2 nested for loops to access array elements:
for (int row = 0; row < 6; row++)
for (int col = 0; col < 4; col++)
cin >> marks[ row ][col];

• Two dimensional Arrays can be initialized during declaration
• Example 1: float marks[4][3] = {{20,30,35},
{40,45,65},
{60,65,75},
{80,65,45}};
122
Two dimensional Array Initialization

123
• Example : Write a program that build a matrix of 5 rows and 3
columns . As the use to enter the values for all the matrix items ,
print out the sum of all matrix items and print out the sum of the
diagonal items.

void printMatrix( int matrix[ ][4], int Rows)
{
int row, col;
for (row = 0; row < Rows ; row++)
{
for (col = 0; col < 4; col++)
cout << setw(5) << matrix [row] [col] ;
}
cout <<“n” ;
}
124
when declaring a two-dimensional array as a formal parameter, you can omit
the size of the first dimension, but not the second;
that is, you must specify the number of columns.
Two dimensional Array as a Parameter to
Function

Struct
• Struct: collection of a fixed number of components (members),
accessed by name
– Members may be of different types.
– For Example : to store a student record which includes different data
items like (student_no , Fname, Lname , Total_Marks , GPA , …….).
– Syntax for Defining Struct is :
125
Struct struct_name
{
Datatype identifier 1;
Datatype identifier 2;
.
.
.
Datatype identifier n;
} ;

• For Example : To store an Employee data like ( emp_no , fname , lname ,
salary , bonus , net_salary );
126
Struct Employee
{
int emp_no ;
string fname ;
string lname;
float salary;
float bonus ;
float net_salary;
} ;
Struct

• Once , a new struct is defined , we can use it as any other data type.
127
struct Employee
{
int emp_no ;
string fname ;
string lname;
float salary;
float bonus ;
float net_salary;
} ;
int main ()
{
Employee emp1 , emp 2;
}
Emp 1
Emp_no :
Fname :
Lname :
Salary :
Bonus :
Net_salary :
Emp 2
Emp_no :
Fname :
Lname :
Salary :
Bonus :
Net_salary :
Struct

To Access the Memebers of the struct , use the . Operator
128
struct Employee
{
int emp_no ;
string fname ;
string lname;
float salary;
float bonus ;
float net_salary;
} ;
int main ()
{
Employee emp1;
emp1.emp_no = 12;
emp1.fname="Ahmed";
emp1.lname="Ali";
emp1.salary=3000;
emp1.bonus=500;
emp1.net_salary= emp1.salary + emp1.bonus;
}
Emp 1
Emp_no :
Fname :
Lname :
Salary :
Bonus :
Net_salary :
12
Ahmed
Ali
3000
500
3500

Assignment and Comparison
Value of one struct variable can be assigned to another struct variable
of the same type using an assignment statement
Example :
Employee emp1 , emp2 ;
emp2 = emp1;
copies the contents of emp1 into emp2 ;
129
• Compare struct variables member-wise
– No aggregate relational operations allowed
• To compare the values of emp1 and emp2
if ( emp1.emp_no == emp2.emp_no &&
emp1.fname == emp2.fname && emp1.salary == emp2.salary )
{
}

struct Variables and Functions
• A struct variable can be passed as a parameter by value or by reference.
• A function can return a value of type struct
130
struct distance_type
{
Int feet ;
float inches;
};
distance_type Add_distances (distance_type d1 , distance_type d2 );
int main ()
{
}
distance_type Add_distances (distance_type d1 , distance_type d2 )
{
distance_type result;
result.feet = d1.feet + d2.feet;
result.inches = d2.inches + d2.inches ;
return result;
}

131
Arrays in structs
struct Student
{
int student_no ;
string sname ;
float GPA;
float marks[3];
} ;
int main ()
{
Student s1;
s1.student_no = 120;
s1.sname="Ahmed Ibrahim";
s1.GPA= 3.56;
s1.marks[0] = 80;
s1.marks[1] = 70;
s1.marks[2] = 90;
}

132
structs in Arrays
struct Employee
{
int emp_no ;
string fname ;
string lname;
float salary;
float bonus ;
float net_salary;
} ;
int main ()
{
Employee arr[5];
arr[0].emp_no = 12;
arr[0].fname="Ahmed";
arr[0].lname="Ali";
arr[0].salary=3000;
arr[0].bonus=500;
arr[0].net_salary= arr[0].salary + arr[0].bonus;
}

structs within a struct
133
 

Revision
• Write a program that used to manage The HR data of a department
that has a team of 5 employees . The employee data like ( eno , ename
, job ,salary , bonus). The program should have
1. Function to accept the data of employees and automatically set the
salary according to the following formulas In case the
job = ‘Manager’  salary = 5000
job = ‘Engineer’  salary = 3000
job = ‘Clerck’  salary = 2000
Otherwise  salary = 1000
2. Function to set the bonus value for a specific employee
according to specific percent.
3. Function to print out the data of all employees.
134

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