Css

Manav
Motivation
HTML markup can be used to represent
 Semantics: h1 means that an element is a top-level
heading
 Presentation: h1 elements look a certain way
It’s advisable to separate semantics from
presentation because:
 It’s easier to present documents on multiple platforms
(browser, cell phone, spoken, …)
 It’s easier to generate documents with consistent look
 Semantic and presentation changes can be made
independently of one another (division of labor)
 User control of presentation is facilitated

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Style Sheet Languages
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
 Applies to (X)HTML as well as XML documents
in general
 Focus of this chapter
Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL)
 Often used to transform one XML document to
another form, but can also add style
 XSL Transformations covered in later chapter

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CSS Introduction
A styled HTML document
produced by the style sheet style1.css:

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CSS Introduction
link element associates style sheet with doc.

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CSS Introduction
type attribute specifies style language used

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CSS Introduction
href attribute provides style sheet URL

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CSS Introduction
title attribute provides style sheet name

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CSS Introduction
Alternative, user selectable style sheets
can be specified

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CSS Introduction
A styled HTML document
produced by the style sheet style2.css:

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CSS Introduction
Note that alternate, user selectable style is
not widely supported: firefox 3 and IE 8 do,
but IE 6, IE 7 and Chrome don’t.

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CSS Introduction
Single document can be displayed on
multiple media platforms by tailoring style
sheets:
This document will be printed differently than
it is displayed.

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CSS Syntax
Parts of a style rule (or statement)

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CSS Syntax:
Selector Strings
Single element type:
Multiple element types:
All element types:
Specific elements by id:

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CSS Syntax:
Selector Strings

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CSS Syntax:
Selector Strings
Elements belonging to a style class:
 Referencing a style class in HTML:
Elements of a certain type and class:
class selector: begins with a period .

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CSS Syntax:
Selector Strings
this span belongs to three style classes

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CSS Syntax:
Selector Strings
this rule applies only to span’s belonging to class special

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CSS Syntax:
Selector Strings
Source anchor elements:
Element types that are descendents:
pseudo-classes

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CSS Syntax:
Selector Strings
Element types that are descendants:
rule applies to li element that is

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CSS Syntax:
Selector Strings
part of the content of an ol element

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CSS Syntax:
Selector Strings
part of the content of an ol element
that is part of the content of a ul element

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CSS Syntax
Style rules covered thus far follow ruleset
syntax
At-rule is a second type of rule
 Reads style rules from specified URL
 Must appear at beginning of style sheet
URL relative to style sheet URL

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Style Sheets and HTML
Style sheets referenced by link HTML
element are called external style sheets
Style sheets can be embedded directly in
HTML document using style element
Most HTML elements have style
attribute (value is list of style declarations)

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Style Sheets and HTML
Rules of thumb:
 Use external style sheets to define site-wide style
 Prefer style sheets (either external or embedded)
to style attributes
 XML special characters
 Must use references in embedded style sheets and
style attribute
 Must not use references in external style sheets

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CSS Rule Cascade
What if more than one style declaration
applies to a property of an element?
The CSS rule cascade determines which
style rule’s declaration applies

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CSS Rule Cascade
To find the value for an element/property
combination, user agents must apply the
following sorting order:
1- Find all declarations that apply to the
element and property in question, for the
target media type. Declarations apply if the
associated selector matches the element in
question.

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CSS Rule Cascade
2- The primary sort of the declarations is
by weight and origin: for normal
declarations, author style sheets override
user style sheets which override the default
style sheet. For "!important" declarations,
user style sheets override author style sheets
which override the default style sheet. "!
important" declaration override normal
declarations. An imported style sheet has
the same origin as the style sheet that
imported it.
Five origin/weight levels:
1. user/important
2. author/important
3. author/normal
4. user/normal
5. user agent/normal

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CSS Rule Cascade
3- The secondary sort is by specificity of selector: more
specific selectors will override more general ones. Pseudo-
elements and pseudo-classes are counted as normal elements
and classes, respectively.
Specificity:
1. style attribute
2. rule with selector:
1. ID
2. class/pseudo-class
3. descendant/element type
4. universal
3. HTML attribute

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CSS Rule Cascade
4- Finally, sort by order specified: if two rules have the same
weight, origin and specificity, the latter specified wins. Rules
in imported style sheets are considered to be before any rules
in the style sheet itself.
Conceptually, create one
long style sheet. Later
style rules have higher
priority than earlier rules.

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CSS Inheritance
What if no style declaration applies to a
property of an element?
Generally, the property value is inherited
from the nearest ancestor element that has a
value for the property
If no ancestor has a value (or the property
does not inherit) then CSS defines an initial
value that is used

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CSS Inheritance
Property values:
 Specified: value contained in declaration
 Absolute: value can be determined without reference
to context (e.g., 2cm)
 Relative: value depends on context (e.g., larger)
 Computed: absolute representation of relative
value (e.g., larger might be 1.2 x parent font
size)
 Actual: value actually used by browser (e.g.,
computed value might be rounded)

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CSS Inheritance
Most properties inherit computed value
 Exception discussed later: line-height
A little thought can usually tell you whether
a property inherits or not
 Example: height does not inherit

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CSS Font Properties
Glyph (visual representation)
character cell
(content area)
A font is a mapping from code points to glyphs

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CSS Font Properties
A font is a mapping from code points to glyphs
glyphs do not necessary stay inside cells!

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CSS Font Properties
A font family is a collection of related fonts
(typically differ in size, weight, etc.)
font-family property can accept a list of
families, including generic font families
first choice font

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CSS Font Properties
second choice font

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CSS Font Properties
generic

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CSS Font Properties
generic
fonts are
system-
specific

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CSS Font Properties
Note that most generic font can be easily
set on Firefox and Chrome, but such option
doesn’t seem to be available on IE 7 and 8. IE
will still default to something although maybe
not what you had hoped for!

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CSS Font Properties
Many properties, such as font-size, have a value that
is a CSS length
All CSS length values except 0 need units

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CSS Font Properties
Computed value
of font-size
property

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CSS Font Properties
Reference font defines em and ex units
 Normally, reference font is the font of the
element being styled
 Exception: Using em/ex to specify value for
font-size
parent element’s font is
reference font

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CSS Font Properties
Other ways to specify value for
font-size:
 Percentage (of parent font-size)
 Absolute size keyword: xx-small, x-small,
small, medium (initial value), large,
x-large, xx-large
 User agent specific; should differ by ~ 20%
 Relative size keyword: smaller, larger
 Relative to parent element’s font

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CSS Font Properties
Text is rendered using line boxes
Height of line box given by line-height
 Initial value: normal (i.e., cell height; relationship with
em height is font-specific)
 Other values (following are equivalent):

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CSS Font Properties
When line-height is greater than cell
height:
Inheritance of line-height:
 Specified value if normal or unit-less number
 Computed value otherwise

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CSS Font Properties
font shortcut property:

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CSS Font Properties
Initial values used if no value specified in font
property list (that is, potentially reset)

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CSS Font Properties
specifying line-height (here, twice cell height)
any order size and family required,
order-dependent

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CSS Text Color
Font color specified by color property
Two primary ways of specifying colors:
 Color name: black, gray, silver, white, red, lime,
blue, yellow, aqua, fuchsia, maroon, green, navy,
olive, teal, purple, full list at
http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/types.html#ColorKey
 red/green/blue (RGB) values

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CSS Box Model
Every rendered element occupies a box:
(or inner edge)
(or outer edge)

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CSS Box Model
If multiple declarations apply to a property,
the last declaration overrides earlier
specifications
Left border is 30px wide,
inset style, and red

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Backgrounds
background-color
 Specifies background color for content, padding,
and border areas
 Margin area is always transparent
 Not inherited; initial value transparent
background-image
 Specifies (using url() function) image that
will be tiled over an element

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Backgrounds
<body style="background-image:url('CucumberFlowerPot.png')">

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Normal Flow Layout
In normal flow processing, each displayed
element has a corresponding box
 html element box is called initial containing
block and corresponds to entire document
 Boxes of child elements are contained in boxes
of parent
 Sibling block elements are laid out one on top of
the other
 Sibling inline elements are one after the other

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Normal Flow Layout
(body)
(html)

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Normal Flow Layout
Block
elements
only

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Normal Flow Layout
html
body
div d1
div d2
div d3
div d4
Top edges of
block boxes are
in document order

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Normal Flow Layout
What is a “block element”?
 Element with value block specified for its
display property
 User agent style sheet (not CSS) specifies default
values; typical block elements include html,
body, p, pre, div, form, ol, ul, dl, hr, h1
through h6
 Most other elements except li and table-related
have inline specified for display

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Normal Flow Layout
When blocks stack, adjacent margins are
collapsed to the size of the larger margin

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Normal Flow Layout
Initial value of width property is auto, which
for block boxes means to make the content area as
wide as possible within margin/padding constraints:
Width of block boxes
increases as browser
client area is widened

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Normal Flow Layout
Can also specify CSS length or percentage
(of parent’s content width) for width
property
By default, width of right margin is
adjusted to accommodate a change to
width

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Normal Flow Layout
Can also specify CSS length or percentage
(of parent’s content width) for width
property
Centering can be achieved by setting
both margins to auto

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Normal Flow Layout
Boxes corresponding to character cells and
inline elements are laid out side by side in line
boxes that are stacked one on top of the other
Character cells aligned by baseline
Heights
based on
content

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Normal Flow Layout
Padding/borders/margins affect width but
not height of inline boxes

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Normal Flow Layout
Specify value for vertical-align to position
an inline element within line box:
initial
value of
vertical-
align

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Beyond Normal Flow
CSS allows for boxes to be positioned
outside the normal flow:
 Relative positioning
span’s shifted backwards relative to normal flow

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Beyond Normal Flow
 Float positioning
span taken out of normal
flow and “floated” to the
left of its line box

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Beyond Normal Flow
 Absolute positioning
span’s removed from
normal flow and
positioned relative
to another box

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Beyond Normal Flow
Properties used to specify positioning:
 position: static (initial value),
relative, or absolute
 Element is positioned if this property not static
 Properties left, right, top, bottom apply to
positioned elements
 Primary values are auto (initial value) or CSS length
 float: none, left, or right
 Applies to elements with static and relative
positioning only

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Beyond Normal Flow
Relative positioning
 Specifying positive value for right property of
relatively positioned box moves it to left
    
Red
span
containing
text moves
left

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Beyond Normal Flow
Relative positioning
 Specifying negative value for left property
also moves box to left
    
Red
same
effect as
before

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Beyond Normal Flow
Float positioning
 Specify value for float property

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Beyond Normal Flow
Float positioning
 Specify value for float property
Floated element becomes a CSS block
element (e.g., can set height and width)

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Beyond Normal Flow
Absolute positioning
 Specify location for corner of box relative to
positioned containing block
margin area
padding area
containing
block
This second paragraph has a
note.
p elements are positioned (but don’t move!)

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Beyond Normal Flow
 Specify location for edges of box relative to
positioned containing block

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Beyond Normal Flow
10em padding top
edge
padding left
edge

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Beyond Normal Flow
8em

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Beyond Normal Flow
Absolutely positioned box does not affect
positioning of other boxes!
Second absolutely
positioned box
obscures first

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CSS Position-Related Properties
z-index: drawing order for overlaid
boxes (largest number drawn last)

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CSS Position-Related Properties
display: value none means that element
and its descendants are not rendered and do
not affect normal flow
visibility: value hidden (initial
value is visible) means that element and its
descendants are not rendered but still do affect
normal flow

Css

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