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Designing Qualitative Research
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It discusses what qualitative research is, how to get the right sample, important aspects of qualitative research design such as research questions and comparisons. It also covers organizing a qualitative study, ethics, and designing for different qualitative methods like interviews, focus groups, and ethnography. Key considerations for each method are outlined.
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Designing Qualitative Research
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- 2. What is QualitativeResearch Getting the Right Sample Qualitative Research Design Organising A Qualitative Research Study Ethics in Qualitative Research In Summary Designing for Different Qualitative Methods
- 3. On a scaleof 1 to Amaze-Ballz, how good was this thing that I’ve spent a year making? 1 Amaze-Balls
- 4. On a scaleof 1 to Amaze-Ballz, how good was this thing that I’ve spent a year making? 1 Amaze-Balls
- 5. “A short usertesting study was conducted with 5 people, and even though they were my friends it was totally impartial! People were asked to rate my system on a scale of 1 to Amaze-Balls and were told in advance that I had spent a year making it. Every participant ranked this system as Amaze- Balls and therefore this project was a success.”
- 6. What is QualitativeResearch
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- 9. Qualitative research isa situated activity that locates the observer in the world. It consists of a set of interpretive, material practices that make the world visible. These practices transform the world. They turn the world into a series of representations, including field notes, interviews, conversations, photographs, recordings, and memos to the self. At this level, qualitative research involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to the world. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them.
- 10. Qualitative research isa situated activity that locates the observer in the world. It consists of a set of interpretive, material practices that make the world visible. These practices transform the world. They turn the world into a series of representations, including field notes, interviews, conversations, photographs, recordings, and memos to the self. At this level, qualitative research involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to the world. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them.
- 11. • Growing academicdiscipline • Not unique to Computing • Can be combined with quantitative research methods for richer outcomes • Analyse structure with quantitative and process with qualitative • Use qualitative findings to support quantitative results • Assist in interpretation of results
- 12. Approaches to Subjective Viewpoints Description ofthe Making of Social Situations Interpretation of Underlying Structures Methods of Data Collection Semi-Structured Interviews Narrative Interviews Focus Groups Ethonography Participant Observations Recording Interactions Collecting Documents Recording Interactions Photography Film Methods of Interpretation Theoretical Coding Content Analysis Narrative Analysis Conversation Analysis Discourse Analysis Document Analysis Objective Hermeneutics
- 13. Getting the RightSample
- 14. Sampling is away for you to deliberately select cases, materials, or events for constructing a corpus of evidence. This will allow you to study the phenomenon of interest in a constructive way
- 15. Don’t sample every member ina population group
- 16. What aspects areyou interested in? • Age • Gender • Technology Usage • …
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- 18. • Need tomake sure we are selecting the right cases when conducting any study • Who would you include when conducting work looking at the following…
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- 21. Tips on putting togethersamples: • Integrate extreme cases • Computing student with lots of technology experience • Grandma that has never used a computer • Look at typical cases • Who's the average Joe? • Maximal variation approach • Biggest difference between samples
- 22. • Sampling inqualitative research often follows a different logic than standard research • There should be a rationale according to what cases and materials are being used • Sampling can address different levels depending on the research question and the methods that you apply • Finding access to the right people and fields has to be planned and can be difficult
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- 26. • Are youcomparing between groups, people, artefacts? • Include enough examples so that and differences can be seen as group or case specific • What comparisons do you want to observe, plan the study accordingly Using Comparisons:
- 27. Example Design Social Representationof Health held by health Professionals Outpatient (Medical) General Practitioners Male and Female Berlin and Hannover Privileged and Poor Areas Outpatient (Nursing) Nurses Male and Female Berlin and Hannover Privileged and Poor Areas Specifics of concepts Perception of health care needs Starting points for appropriate care Methods (N = 32) Focus Groups Document Analysis of Training Programs Methods (N = 32) Focus Groups Document Analysis of Training Programs
- 28. • Has clearfocus and is built around a clear research question • Reduces the focus of the research • Makes the research manageable in terms of resources and time • Is linked to background on the research area • Happens because of reflection, planning, and decision making A Good Design…
- 29. Organising A QualitativeResearch Study
- 30. • Lots ofthings to consider, this isn't just doing the research study • There’s a lifecycle of activities that has to be worked though • There’s also a lot of things that can go wrong (sorry)
- 31. Literature Review Development ofInterview Schedule and Pre-Test Analysis of Interviews Fieldwork, Finding and Interviewing Participants Linking results back to Literature Final Report and Publications
- 32. • No Access:Potential of not getting access to the right people • Matching Methods and Fields: Thinking about participants and environments • Neglecting Participants Perspective: What to participants expect from being part of your research? • Associations instead of Analysis: Don’t be tempted to focus on individual aspects, look at the bigger picture
- 33. Ethics in QualitativeResearch
- 34. • Ethical issuesin all types of research should be addressed • Many bodies have rules of ethical conduct that should be adhered too • Principles of ethically sound research should be followed at all times
- 35. • Informed consentmeans that no one should be involved in research as a participant without knowing about this and without having the chance of refusing to take part • Deception of participants (covert observation or by giving false information) should be avoided • Privacy should be respected and confidentiality should be guaranteed and maintained • Accuracy of the data and its interpretation should be the leading principle. • No omission or fraud with the collection or analysis of the data should occur in research practice
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- 37. Research Questions Informed ConsentDeceptionVulnerable People
- 38. Access and Sampling InformedConsent Vulnerable People No Harm Selection
- 39. Collecting Data Disturbance BeingPushy Being Ignorant
- 40. Designing for DifferentQualitative Methods
- 41. • There area lot of different qualitative methods that can be used to get data from people • We’re going to spend the next few weeks looking at these individually but…
- 42. Case Study Comparative Study Longitudinal Study Retrospective Study Interviews Conversation Discourse Analysis Ethnographic Observation AnalysingData Analysing Data Interviews Interviews Ethnographic Observation Focus Groups Visual Materials
- 43. • Every qualitativemethod has a number of things that you need to consider • Need to reflect on each of these aspects before and during a research study
- 44. Interviews Research Question PersonalExperiences and meaning Sampling Persons as cases Comparison Cases or dimensions Basic Design Comparative or retrospective Resources Experience in interviewing, transcription Stepping Stones Finding the “right” cases Ethics Informed consent, confidentiality, relationship with interviewee
- 45. Focus Groups Research QuestionSensitive Topics Sampling Groups and participants Comparison Between and in groups Basic Design Comparative or snapshop Resources Recording Equipement Stepping Stones Having the ‘right’ participants in the group, participant drop- out Ethics Vulnerable people, group dynamics
- 46. Ethnography Research Question Socialprocesses, foreshadowed problems Sampling Sites, cases, within cases Comparison Sites, people Basic Design Case Study Resources Getting there, documentation Stepping Stones Accessing ‘invisible phenomena Ethics Informed consent, anonymity
- 47. What is QualitativeResearch Getting the Right Sample Qualitative Research Design Organising A Qualitative Research Study Ethics in Qualitative Research In Summary Designing for Different Qualitative Methods
- 48. Information in this presentationwas based on…